AIM:To investigate the current status and influencing factors of knowledge-attitude-practice in myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents in Ningbo City, thereby providing a scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention strategies.METHODS: Children and adolescents aged 6-12 years old were selected from the medical-school collaborative myopia prevention network in Ningbo City between August 2024 and May 2025 using stratified cluster sampling. Information on myopia prevention knowledge(15 items)and practice(9 items)was collected through questionnaire surveys. Logistic regression models were used to analyze factors influencing myopia occurrence in children and adolescents.RESULTS: A total of 664 children and adolescents aged 6-12 years were enrolled in this study. Participants were divided by age into three groups: 6-7 years old(n=221), 8-9 years old(n=221), and 10-12 years old(n=222). Of the 664 questionnaires distributed, 637 valid questionnaires were returned(201 from the 6-7 age group, 235 from the 8-9 age group, and 201 from the 10-12 age group), yielding an effective response rate of 95.9%. Based on myopia screening results, the non-myopic group comprised 203 participants(31.9%), including 100 males and 103 females, with a mean age of 8.82±1.98 years old. The myopic group comprised 434 participants(68.1%), including 213 males and 221 females, with a mean age of 9.10±1.95 years old. The myopia prevalence rates in the 6-7, 8-9, and 10-12 age groups were 37.8%(76/201), 71.9%(169/235), and 94.0%(189/201), respectively(P<0.001). Regarding the knowledge and practice of myopia prevention, the overall awareness rate in the non-myopic group(59.7%±9.7%)was significantly higher than that in the myopic group(48.7%±8.5%; P<0.001). Additionally, the non-myopic group scored higher on the key practice of “regular eye examinations”(4.27±0.96)compared to the myopic group(4.10±1.05; P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that age was the primary risk factor for myopia occurrence.CONCLUSION: Age is the dominant factor in the onset of myopia, and there is a phenomenon of “knowledge-practice gap”; the traditional health education model has limitations, and a precise prevention and control system based on developmental patterns should be established.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

[Objective] To investigate the infection status and characteristics of HEV among voluntary blood donors in Ningbo, and to provide a basis for improving the blood screening strategy. [Methods] A total of 12 227 blood samples from voluntary blood donors in Ningbo from June 2022 to May 2023 were tested for HEV serology, enzymology, and nucleic acid testing. Furthermore, HEV gene sequencing was performed for genotyping analysis, and donors with reactive nucleic acid testing results were followed up to confirm their infection status. [Results] The reactivity rate of HEV Ag, anti-HEV IgM and anti-HEV IgG was 0.098%, 0.899% and 29.198%, respectively. There was no difference in the reactivity of anti-HEV IgM and anti-HEV IgG between genders, donation frequencies and donation types (P>0.05). The reactivity rate increased significantly with age (P<0.05). The rate of ALT disqualification (ALT>50U/L) was significantly higher than that in non-reactive samples (P<0.05). The HEV Ag reactivity rate (0.098%) was not correlated with gender, donation frequency, donation type or age. One HEV RNA positive case was found, with a positive rate of 0.008%(1/12 227). It was confirmed to be hepatitis E virus genotype 3 by sequencing analysis. Apart from HEV Ag reactivity, all other blood safety screening items were non-reactive, suggesting this case might be in the acute infection phase. The follow-up results showed that all indicators of the donor's previous blood donation were non-reactive. [Conclusion] Pre-donation ALT detection can reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) to a certain extent, and the effective way to prevent TT-HEV is to detect HEV RNA and serology of donor blood.

Ribosome is an intracellular ribonucleoprotein particle that serves as the site of protein biosynthesis. Ribosomal dysfunction caused by mutations in genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RPs) and ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) can lead to a spectrum of diseases, collectively known as ribosomopathy. Phase separation is a thermodynamic process that produces multiple phases from a homogeneous mixture. The formation of membraneless organelles and intracellular structures, including ribosomes and nucleoli, cannot occur without the involvement of phase separation. Here, ribosome structure, biogenesis, and their relationship with ribosomopathy are systematically reviewed. The tissue specificity of ribosomopathy and the role of phase separation in ribosomopathy are particularly discussed, which may offer some clues for understanding the mechanisms of ribosomopathy. Then, some new ideas for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ribosomopathy are provided.
Humans ; Ribosomes/physiology* ; Ribosomal Proteins/metabolism* ; Mutation ; Animals ; Cell Nucleolus/metabolism* ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Phase Separation

Gene therapy research for fundus diseases has made significant progress recently, offering new hope for refractory ocular conditions. This review summarizes the latest developments, evaluates challenges, and explores future trends. Gene therapies for inherited retinal diseases, including commercialized RPE65-LCA therapy, clinical advances in retinitis pigmentosa(RP)subtypes and Stargardt disease, and the “bilateral effect” in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy(LHON)therapy, were highlighted in this review. Gene therapy strategies for complex disorders such as age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)and diabetic retinopathy(DR)were discussed. Advances in gene delivery systems, including adeno-associated virus(AAV)vectors, non-viral vectors, and CRISPR/Cas9 applications, were also analyzed. Furthermore, major challenges, including safety, immunogenicity, long-term efficacy, and personalized approaches were also discussed. Research indicates fundus gene therapy is transitioning from proof-of-concept to clinical application. With continued innovation and experience, it promises to provide precise treatment options, significantly improving visual outcomes for patients.

ObjectiveTo analyze the protective effect of different types of influenza vaccines (InfV) against influenza A among the individuals aged between 3‒17 years old, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of influenza in the future. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted to collect data on the incidence and InfV vaccination of the individuals aged between 3‒17 years during the influenza epidemic season from 2022 to 2023. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated, and a log-binomial regression model was used to calculate the corrected VE. ResultsThe incidence rate of influenza in InfV vaccinated and un-vaccinated groups was 7.32% (1 937/ 26 446) and 9.65% (4 421/45 837), respectively. After adjusting for age and gender factors, the unadjusted VE (95%CI) was 54.57% (52.24%‒56.78%). The unadjusted VE (95%CI) was 53.66% (50.36%‒56.74%) for males and 55.60% (52.24%‒58.72%) for females, respectively. The unadjusted VE (95%CI) for the age group of 3‒ years, 6‒ years, 9‒ years, 12‒ years, and 15‒17 years were 64.08% (60.89%‒67.01%), 57.40% (53.71%‒60.80%), 57.77% (52.49%‒62.47%), 24.36% (9.49%‒36.79%), and 24.09% (-17.59%‒51.00%), respectively. The unadjusted VE (95%CI) for quadrivalent split-virion inactivated influenza vaccine, trivalent split-virion inactivated influenza vaccine, trivalent subunit influenza vaccine, and trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine were 53.84% (51.32%‒56.24%), 62.17% (56.28%‒67.26%), 79.83% (69.94%‒86.46%), and 31.59% (19.07%‒42.18%), respectively. ConclusionThe InfV used during the 2022‒2023 influenza season had a good protective effect against influenza A among the individuals aged between 3‒17 years old, especially in those aged between 3‒11 years old.

Background/Aims: Dexamethasone (DEX) is a widely used exogenous therapeutic glucocorticoid in clinical settings. Its long-term use leads to many side effects. However, its effect on metabolic disorders in individuals on a high-fat diet (HFD) remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, HFD-fed mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX 2.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte proliferation, and inflammation were assayed using typical approaches. Results: DEX increased the epididymal fat index and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed mice. The number of epididymal adipocytes with diameters > 70 μm accounted for 0.5% of the cells in the control group, 30% of the cells in the DEX group, 19% of the cells in the HFD group, and 38% of all the cells in the D+H group. Adipocyte proliferation in the D+H group was inhibited by DEX treatment. Adipocyte enlargement in the D+H group was associated with increased the lipid accumulation but not the adipocyte proliferation. In contrast, the liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and their metabolism were downregulated by the same treatment, indicating the therapeutic potential of DEX for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions DEX synergizes with HFD to promote lipid deposition in adipose tissues. A high risk of obesity development in patients receiving HFD and DEX treatment is suggested.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of the novel bone hook combined with finger-guided technique in the treatment of irreducible intertrochanteric femoral fractures in elderly. METHODS: Between January 2021 and August 2023, 23 elderly patients with irreducible intertrochanteric femoral fractures were treated with the novel bone hook combined with finger-guided technique. There were 10 males and 13 females; the age ranged from 68 to 93 years (mean, 76.2 years). The time from injury to operation ranged from 36 to 76 hours (mean, 51.2 hours). According to the classification standard proposed by TONG Dake et alin 2021, there were 10 cases of typeⅠA, 1 case of typeⅠB, 6 cases of type ⅡA, 4 cases of type ⅡB, and 2 cases of type ⅡC. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequences, and quality of fracture reduction were recorded. The fracture healing time and occurrence of postoperative complications were observed during follow-up. At last follow-up, the Harris scoring system was used to evaluate the hip joint function. RESULTS: The operation time was 42-95 minutes (mean, 52.1 minutes). The intraoperative blood loss was 40-420 mL (mean, 126.5 mL). Intraoperative fluoroscopy was performed 14-34 times (mean, 20.7 times). According to the criteria proposed by Chang et al, the quality of fracture reduction was rated as good in 20 cases and acceptable in 3 cases. All patients were followed up 6-20 months (mean, 10.2 months). X-ray film showed that all fractures healed with the healing time of 3.0-5.5 months (mean, 4.0 months). At last follow-up, the Harris score of the hip joint ranged from 82 to 97 points (mean, 90.4 points). Among them, 14 cases were rated as excellent and 9 cases as good. No complication such as coxa vara, cutting of the cephalomedullary nail, nail withdrawal, or nail breakage occurred during follow-up. CONCLUSION The treatment of elderly patients with irreducible intertrochanteric femoral fractures by using the novel bone hook combined with finger-guided technique can achieve high-quality fracture reduction and fixation, and has a good effectiveness.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Hip Fractures/diagnostic imaging* ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/instrumentation* ; Fracture Healing ; Treatment Outcome ; Operative Time ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/instrumentation* ; Bone Nails ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology* ; Feasibility Studies ; Fingers

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accuracy of color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) and CT angiography (CTA) in the preoperative evaluation of perforator vessels in free posterior interosseous artery perforator (PIAP) flaps. METHODS: Between January 2020 and December 2023, 19 patients with hand skin and soft tissue defects caused by trauma were admitted. There were 11 males and 8 females, with a median age of 45 years (range, 26-54 years). The interval between injury and admission was 5-11 days (mean, 7.2 days). The skin and soft tissue defects were located on the dorsum of the hand in 8 cases and on the fingers in 11 cases. The size of defect ranged from 4.0 cm×2.5 cm to 7.5 cm×3.5 cm. After locating the perforator vessels through CDU and CTA before operation, the free PIAP flaps were designed to repair hand defects, with the size of 4.5 cm×3.0 cm-7.5 cm×4.0 cm. The defects of donor sites were directly sutured. The number and diameter of perforator vessels in the posterior interosseous artery detected by CDU and CTA were compared. The differences in localization of perforator vessels using CDU and CTA and their clinical effects were also compared to calculate the accuracy and recognition rate. During follow-up, the survival of the skin flap was observed, and the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) score was used to evaluate the healing of the donor site, while the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to evaluate the patient's satisfaction with the appearance of the skin flap. RESULTS: The number and the diameter of PIAP vessels was 5.8±1.2 and (0.62±0.08) mm assessed by CDU and 5.2±1.0 and (0.60±0.07) mm by CTA, showing no significant difference between the two methods ( P>0.05). The number, course, and distribution of perforator vessels of the PIAP vessels observed during operation were basically consistent with those detected by preoperative CDU and CTA. Compared with intraoperative observation results, the recognition rates of dominant perforating vessels by CDU and CTA were 95.0% (18/19) and 89.5% (17/19), respectively, and the accuracy rates were 100% (19/19) and 84.2% (16/19), with no significant difference between the two methods ( P>0.05). All flaps survived after operation, and all wounds and incisions at donor sites healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 6-13 months (mean, 8.2 months). At last follow-up, the skin flaps had elasticity and soft texture，with the patient satisfaction VAS score of 9.2±0.8. The donor sites had no obvious scar hyperplasia with the VSS score of 11.7±0.9. CONCLUSION CDU and CTA accurately identify the dominant perforator vessels and provide reliable information for vessel localization, facilitating precise flap harvesting and minimizing donor site injury. However, CDU offers superior visualization of distal end of perforator vessels in the forearm compared to CTA.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Perforator Flap/blood supply* ; Middle Aged ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/methods* ; Computed Tomography Angiography/methods* ; Soft Tissue Injuries/diagnostic imaging* ; Hand Injuries/diagnostic imaging* ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Hand/surgery* ; Preoperative Care ; Arteries/diagnostic imaging*