Recent researches have revealed that the CXCL12/CXCR4 bio-axis is pivotal in the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. CXCL12/CXCR4 may promote the tumor invasion and metastasis through the mechanism of stimulating the proliferation of cancer cells, enhancing the migration of tumor cells, inducing the extra-cellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis.

BALB/c mice were immunized by multi-route injections of commencial alkaline phosphatase over a perioh of three months. After 3 days of the last intravenous boost spleen cells were fused with sp2/0 cells by using PEG and hybridoma supernatants were screened by reverse ELISA. Two hybridoma cell lines secreting high titer monoclonal antibodies to alkaline phosphatase were established. Satisfactory results were obtained by alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunohistochemistry technique in detecting CD antigens, viral antigens, Tumor antigens and bacterium fimbriae antigens.

There was an early view that the injured neurons and axons in central neural system couldn't regenerate after injury. However, it was found by recent researches that the injured neurons and axons can recover in different degrees after spinal cord injury of adult animals. In proper environment, some injured axons of central nervous system can regenerate slightly and form functional synaptic connections with target cells. Based on that, application of neurotrophic factors and cellular transplant therapy might be developed to treat spinal cord injury in the future.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of occult breast lesions biopsy,determine the operating methods of ultrasound-guided precisie resection of occult breast lesions,improve early diagnosis rate of breast cancer.Methods Forty-eight occult breast lesions of 44 patients were reviewed by localization-needle and skin markers method under ultrasound-guided,and the lesions were removed surgically according to the fixed steps.Results It was confirmed that all the impalpable mammary masses were exactly excised without localization-needle fracture or prolapse through postoperative pathological diagnosis.Breast appearance had no change after the operation.No nipple-areola necrosis occurred.The pathology results showed 4 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (Ⅰ stage),the incidence rate being 8.3％,and 15 cases of atypical hyperplasia,the incidence rate being 31.3％.The other types were benign disease such as adenosis,intraductal papilloma,fibroadenoma and mammary duct ectasia.Conclusions Ultrasound-guided precise resection of occult breast lesions is a safe and effective diagnosis and treatment method,which needs some surgical skills.It has positive significance in improving breast cancer early diagnosis rate,reducing medical costs and decreasing breast biopsies complications.

Acute hepatitis C is an acute infectious disease caused by hepatitis C virus.Accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are very im-portant for preventing the progression of this disease.Recent research advances in acute hepatitis C,including the epidemiological and clini-cal features,diagnosis,and treatment of acute hepatitis C,are reviewed,in order to provide a basis for better understanding of acute hepati-tis C and proper diagnosis and treatment of this disease among clinicians.

The cancer stem cell theory suggests that cancer develops from a subset of tumor cells that possess characteristics of stem cells. Breast cancer stem cells comprise a sub-population, which possesses the capacity of self-renewal and the potential for differentiation and high tumorigenicity. Evidence from bothin vitro andin vivo studies demonstrates breast cancer stem cells are responsible for tumor relapse, invasion and metastasis, chemo- and radio-resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, this review highlighted the recent advances in breast cancer stem cells.

Objective To investigate the protection of the parathyroid in thyroid cancer operation,reduce the postoperative complications of hypoparathyroidism.Methods Selected 107 cases of thyroid cancer patients from Mar.2013 to Fed.2014 who were underwent thyroid total excision + Ⅵ lymphadenectomy.Identified and preserve in situ of parathyroid according to the typical appearance.Identified the parathyroid on the surface of thyroid and Ⅵ lymph node specimen carefully.Sented a part of the suspected tissue to intraoperative frozen section examination,transplant residual tissue to stemocleidomastoid muscle after confirmed.According to postoperative pathological diagnosis,determined the specimen of thyroid and Ⅵ lymph node with or without removed parathyroid.Monitored serum calcium and symptomatic treatment for 1 to 3 days after operation.Results Error cut rate of parathyroid was 11.4％.In vitro parathyroid autograft rate was 54.4％.Hypocalcemia occurred in 32.7％.Symptomatic hypocalcemia occurred in 16.8％.Permanent hypocalcemia did not happen.Conclusions In thyroid cancer operation,accurate identification of parathyroid is the precondition of preservation in situ and self transplantation,is the effective methods to reduce error removal and decrease postoperative hypocalcemia.

The Toll like receptors(TLRs)are essential transmembrane signaling receptors of the innate immune system that alert the host to the presence of a microbial invader.The recent discovery of the TLR has rapidly expanded our knowledge of molecular events that initiate host pathogen interactions.These functional attributes of the cellular receptors provide insights into the nature of pattern recognition receptors that activate the human antimicrobial defense systems.The fundamental significance of the TLR in the generation of systemic inflammation and the pathogenesis of septic shock is reviewed. The potential clinical implications of therapeutic modulation of these recently characterized receptors of innate immunity are also discussed.

Nanotechnology has been extensively applied in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and is currently a major focus of research worldwide.Among the various nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are of particular interest to many researchers due to their superior properties of low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility, and preferential accumulation in tumors (the enhanced permeability and retention effect), which in turn gives GNPs a potential application in cancer diagnostics, imaging, photothermal therapy, and radiotherapy.Many published studies have shown that GNPs can be used as a new ideal radiosensitizer, and therefore understanding the radiosensitizing effects of GNPs both in vitro and in vivo will be of great significance in the clinical translation of nanomedicine.

Systemic chemotherapy is the main treatment which can improve the survival time of bladder cancer patients,though its efficacy is quite limited.The applications of targeted therapeutic drugs in bladder cancer has become more needed in clinic.At present the targeted drugs for bladder cancer include bevacizumab,cetuximab,sunitinib,gefitinib,everolimus and the inhibitor of programmed cell death-1 and its ligand,they provide a new direction for the treatment of advanced bladder cancer.