Recent researches have revealed that the CXCL12/CXCR4 bio-axis is pivotal in the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. CXCL12/CXCR4 may promote the tumor invasion and metastasis through the mechanism of stimulating the proliferation of cancer cells, enhancing the migration of tumor cells, inducing the extra-cellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis.

BALB/c mice were immunized by multi-route injections of commencial alkaline phosphatase over a perioh of three months. After 3 days of the last intravenous boost spleen cells were fused with sp2/0 cells by using PEG and hybridoma supernatants were screened by reverse ELISA. Two hybridoma cell lines secreting high titer monoclonal antibodies to alkaline phosphatase were established. Satisfactory results were obtained by alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunohistochemistry technique in detecting CD antigens, viral antigens, Tumor antigens and bacterium fimbriae antigens.

Public-private partnership(PPP)serves as a useful attempt for an adjustment of existing number of public hospitals and incremental development of private hospitals in an effort to implement policies of the health reform and optimize the allocation of medical resources.Investment-OperationTurnover(IOT) is a way to introduce the PPP practice,regarded as an institutional innovation in reforming public hospitals.This paper traced back the IOT model in its development and analyzed its connotation and form,as well as its strengths and weaknesses in a feasibility study,and presented the existing IOT projects in China for reference and open discussion.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of occult breast lesions biopsy,determine the operating methods of ultrasound-guided precisie resection of occult breast lesions,improve early diagnosis rate of breast cancer.Methods Forty-eight occult breast lesions of 44 patients were reviewed by localization-needle and skin markers method under ultrasound-guided,and the lesions were removed surgically according to the fixed steps.Results It was confirmed that all the impalpable mammary masses were exactly excised without localization-needle fracture or prolapse through postoperative pathological diagnosis.Breast appearance had no change after the operation.No nipple-areola necrosis occurred.The pathology results showed 4 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (Ⅰ stage),the incidence rate being 8.3％,and 15 cases of atypical hyperplasia,the incidence rate being 31.3％.The other types were benign disease such as adenosis,intraductal papilloma,fibroadenoma and mammary duct ectasia.Conclusions Ultrasound-guided precise resection of occult breast lesions is a safe and effective diagnosis and treatment method,which needs some surgical skills.It has positive significance in improving breast cancer early diagnosis rate,reducing medical costs and decreasing breast biopsies complications.

Systemic chemotherapy is the main treatment which can improve the survival time of bladder cancer patients,though its efficacy is quite limited.The applications of targeted therapeutic drugs in bladder cancer has become more needed in clinic.At present the targeted drugs for bladder cancer include bevacizumab,cetuximab,sunitinib,gefitinib,everolimus and the inhibitor of programmed cell death-1 and its ligand,they provide a new direction for the treatment of advanced bladder cancer.

The transvaginal ultrasonography,sonohyterography and intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasonography are main ultrasonographic methods in evaluation of endometrial lesions.This article introduces the procedures,limitations,advantages and disadvantages of these three ultrasonographic methods in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant endometrial lesions in postmenopausal women.

Acute hepatitis C is an acute infectious disease caused by hepatitis C virus.Accurate diagnosis and proper treatment are very im-portant for preventing the progression of this disease.Recent research advances in acute hepatitis C,including the epidemiological and clini-cal features,diagnosis,and treatment of acute hepatitis C,are reviewed,in order to provide a basis for better understanding of acute hepati-tis C and proper diagnosis and treatment of this disease among clinicians.

The cancer stem cell theory suggests that cancer develops from a subset of tumor cells that possess characteristics of stem cells. Breast cancer stem cells comprise a sub-population, which possesses the capacity of self-renewal and the potential for differentiation and high tumorigenicity. Evidence from bothin vitro andin vivo studies demonstrates breast cancer stem cells are responsible for tumor relapse, invasion and metastasis, chemo- and radio-resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, this review highlighted the recent advances in breast cancer stem cells.

The Toll like receptors(TLRs)are essential transmembrane signaling receptors of the innate immune system that alert the host to the presence of a microbial invader.The recent discovery of the TLR has rapidly expanded our knowledge of molecular events that initiate host pathogen interactions.These functional attributes of the cellular receptors provide insights into the nature of pattern recognition receptors that activate the human antimicrobial defense systems.The fundamental significance of the TLR in the generation of systemic inflammation and the pathogenesis of septic shock is reviewed. The potential clinical implications of therapeutic modulation of these recently characterized receptors of innate immunity are also discussed.

According to the present deficiency existing in contractual community medical service financing mechanism,it analyzed the financing difficulties and mutual interest game from the angle of game analysis of the various stakeholders in the financing process,explored the reasonable optimizing strategies for improving financing mechanism.The purposes aimed as:(1) determine the responsibility of each contractual community health financing body,reduce the fund shortage phenomenon caused by the lack of responsibility;(2) promote the stability and sustainable development of the financing mechanisms,to provide sufficient power to the development of contract services;(3) it was conducive to vigorously promote the contractual community medical service and lay the foundation for the grading system.