The modest pressure promotes the graduate to keep continuous energy and focus on scientific research,but too much pressure will lead to mental problem and serious moral shortcoming.Reformation of scientific evaluating and promoting system,enhancement of scientific interest and reconstruction of mental training system should be the important ways to release the pressure of scientific research of the graduate.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; HIV-1 ; Humans

In addition to the operation technique and procedure selection, the dysfunction of important organs such as heart, lung, kidney and liver plays an important role in restricting the recovery of patients and the prognosis of gastrointestinal surgery. For patients complicated by one or more organs dysfunction after operation, who have no response to conventional therapies, extracorporeal life support/replacement should be used as early as possible. The extracorporeal organ support provides more time for rescue, and relieves injured organs to "rest" and accelerates recovery, which improves the survival of critically ill patients who suffered after gastrointestinal surgery. Nowadays, the safety and efficiency of the extracorporeal life support/replacement, including heart, lung, kidney, liver and intestine, are developing quickly, and easy to achieve, however, limitations still exist. With the development of nanotechnology and bioartificial membranes, an open and total extracorporeal life support system, which can simultaneously supports heart, lung, kidney, liver, intestine and brain, will be produced in the future, further improving the survival of critically ill patients.
Critical Illness ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Humans ; Life Support Care

Malignant pleural effusion is caused by the pleural invasion of malignant tumors such as lung cancer, or by primary pleural tumors. It is a troublesome and debilitating complication of advanced malignancies. If malignant pleural effusion is not treated in time, the average life span of these patients is only several months. An effective treatment can improve the quality of life and prolong the average life spans.

Matrix matalloprotenases-12(MMP-12) is a member of the matrix matalloprotenases family,and it is a main mediator to degradate the extracellular matrix. MMP-12 is composed of an propeptide domain, a catalytic domain and hemopexin-like domain. The function of MMP-12 include the genetic transcription and inhibitor regulation. Overexpress of MMP-12 causes pathological extracellular matrix protein breakdown and excessive airway remodeling,and MMP-12 is impotant in the pathogenesis of the acute and chronic lung injury,which has been implicated in a range of respiratory diseases, including asthma and emphysema.

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) can induce intra-abdominal hypertension, which has an adverse effect on the function of urinary, circulatory, digestive and neurological system, and finally leads to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) if patients were not timely treated. This article focuses on the close relationship between SAP and ACS, which included the definition, classification, pathogenesis of ACS and its pathophysiologic effects on other important organs. The different types and indications of surgical interventions of ACS were discussed in detail. For SAP patients complicated with ACS, urgent open abdomen is important to decrease the abdominal pressure and to prevent the incidence of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. Complications after open abdomen, such as intestine fistula,abdominal sepsis, intestinal dysfunction and abdominal deficit,should be managed prudently.

Sphingosine analogue FTY720 exerts good immune suppressive effect by inducing lymphocytes apoptosis and homing, which can be used for organ transplant rejection as well as anti-autoimmune disease treatment. Recent studies have found that FTY720 plays anti-tumor potential by inducing growth arrest and apoptosis as well as inhibiting tumor metastasis.

Objective To discuss the significance of ventricular rate for patients with persistent a trial fibrillatio. Methods Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation more than 1 year were divided into cerebral embolism group (34 patients)and non- cerebral embolism group(32 patients). The data of patients in two groups were collected and compared ,including general clinical characteristics ,the highest ,lowest and average ventricular rate detected by Holter monitor system,left atria diameter and left ventricular ejecting fraction measured by echocardiography. Results There was no significant difference between two groups about general clinical characteristics, left atria diameter(P ＞ 0. 05).The highest, lowest and average ventricular rate were higher in cerebral embolism group than those in non-cerebral embolism group(P ＜ 0. 05). However, left ventricular ejecting fraction was much lower in cerebral embolism group( P ＜0. 05 ). Conclusion It is critical to control heart rate for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation to prevent cerebral embolism and left ventricular function.

Recent researches have revealed that the CXCL12/CXCR4 bio-axis is pivotal in the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. CXCL12/CXCR4 may promote the tumor invasion and metastasis through the mechanism of stimulating the proliferation of cancer cells, enhancing the migration of tumor cells, inducing the extra-cellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis.

Objective To investigate the effects of different flow volume of continuous 1:1 blood crystalloid cardioplegia on open heart surgery.Methods Retrospective randomized study was performed on 80 patients undergoing valve replacement and congenital heart disease with 1:1 blood crystalloid cardioplegia by minimum-flow continuous perfusion[0.5ml/(kg·min),group A,40 cases],high-flow continuous perfusion[(2.0 ml/(kg·min),group B,40 cases).The changes of creatine kinase(CK),isoenzyme of creatine kinase(CK-MB),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme(LDH_1)were detected before operation and at 6,12,24,48,72 h after operation.Results The cardioplegia liquid was (41.72±7.98)ml/kg in group A,(142.09±9.65)ml/kg in group B,there was significant difference between two groups(P<0.05).During the first 72 h postoperative the value of CK,CK-MB,LDH and LDH1 in two groups were increased to different degree,serum enzymes levd increased significantly between 12,24 h after operation(P<0.05)and return to normal at 72h after operation in two groups.Butbetween two groups there was no significant difference(P＞0.05).ConclusionMinimum-flow continuous perfusion of 1:1 blood crystalloid cardioplegia appears to be superior in safety,decrease of myocardial enzymes integrity.