Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most significant microvascular complications of diabetes,and its incidence increases with the prolongation of DM;meanwhile,it can lead to severe vision loss.Recently,the pathogenesis of DR has been one of the focuses both at home and abroad,but the basic mechanisms are not fully elucidated.More and more scholars believe that DR may be a chronic and low degree of inflammatory response.Moreover,it is well established that microglia is a monocyte-macrophage,with antigen-presenting function.Especially in the retina,as microglia is activated,followed by the release of a large number of inflammatory factors,microglia involves in DR inflammatory response.Understanding the activation mechanism of microglia can provide a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of DR.Therefore,recent advances in activation of microglia in diabetic retinopathy and its intervention mechanism will be reviewed in the article.

Aged ; Humans ; Kallikreins ; analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; analysis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis

Humans ; Liver Diseases

Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Proteomics ; methods

Objective To analyze the factors related to glare occurred after the phakic intraocular lens (P-IOL) implantation,and to raise the standard for the P-IOL selection.Design Retrospective case series.Participants 104 patients with high myopia underwent P-IOL implantation in Beijing Tongren Hospital.Methods In 104 cases,22 cases (22 eyes) were implanted angle supported Phakic6 designed accord with corneal symmetry,54 cases (54 eyes) were implanted iris fixed Verisyse,and 28 cases (28 eyes) were implanted posterior chamber PRL.Selection of the diameter of P-IOL optics depended on P-IOL diopters.The pupil diameter,the P-IOL optic center position,the pupil and corneal center position were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT).The contrast sensitivity (CS) under different condition (day,day and glare,night,night and glare) and in different space frequency (1.5,3,6, 12,18c/d)were examined with Optec6500 system.Main Outcome Measures Glare incidence,CS,and the influence of pupil diameter and P-IOL location to glare.Results None of the 104 P-IOL eyes occurred glare in day time.59 eyes (56.73%) complained of glare in dime condition.The glare incidence was 63.18% (14/22) in Phakic6 eyes,55.56% (30/54) in Verisyse eyes,and 53.27% (15/28) in PRL eyes (P=0.691).CS of all surgical eyes were improved in day time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).And the CS of halo-complaining eyes was lower than of no halo eyes in night time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).Glare oc- curred more frequently in eyes with the pupil diameter larger than P-IOL diameter in clime condition after surgery (10 in Phakic6 eyes, 20 in Verisyse eyes,12 in PRL eyes,all P

Hepatic Stellate Cells ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

Standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)term translation is the focus of TCM translation studies. Based on the Skopos theory and our interviews to 6 internationals, this paper aims to explore the purposes and principles of TCM term translation from the perspective of the client, the translator and the addressee. Finally, four fundamental principles of TCM term translation are summarized in order to provide references for the standardization of TCM term translation.

Objective This paper addresses the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nomenclature translation and put forward suggestions through a comparative study on English translations of TCM terms for liver and gallbladder diseases.Method With the principle of standardization, the principle of correspondence, the principle of readability and the principle of nationalism as the possible criteria, translations of 8 TCM terms available in 7 publications at home and abroad are compared and analyzed.Results 5 of the 8 terms have at least two English versions. The principle of standardization and the principle of readability are violated more frequently than the other two.Conclusion The standardization of TCM nomenclature is progressing steadily.However, efforts are still necessary for translators to improve English language proficiency. The principle of standardization and the principle of readability need to be further enhanced.

Objective To observe and measure the facial nerve canal(FNC) in curved planar reformation by multislice spiral CT.Methods High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)of temporal bone was performed in 40 cases (80 ears) by multislice spiral CT. Curved planar reformation of FNC was performed separately in axial, coronal and sagittal plane of multiplanar reconstruction. The morphology and measurement of FNC were studied.Results The mean length of FNC was (29.73?1.07)mm. The mean length of the labyrinthine, tympanic and mastoid segment was (5.6?0.74)mm, (10.66?0.79)mm and (13.47?1.01)mm respectively. The mean diameter of the l-abyrinthine, geniculate fossa, tympanic and mastoid segment was (0.76?0.16)mm, (2.37?0.63)mm, (1.03?0.16)mm and (1.57?0.31)mm respectively. The mean angle of first and second genu was 67.04??9.41? and 114.25??8.44? respectively. The distance between the tympanic segment and ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal was (0.57?0.19)mm. The distance between the tympanic segment and arch of the lateral semicircular canal was (1.59?0.61)mm. The mean angle between the tympanic segment of the facial nerve canal and the lateral semicircular canal was 10.63??3.60?. The tympanic course of the facial nerve canal formed an angle of 34.65??5.39? with the sagittal plane. Dehiscences was found in 89% FNC, 73.7% of them only located in the tympanic portion and 26.3% both in the mastoid and tympanic portions. Conclusion Curved planar reformation of FNC by multislice spiral CT is the good method to study the anatomy of FNC,and in combination with HRCT axial scan and multiplanar reconstrution can obtain more valuable information.

Objective To evaluate the CT and MRI features of masticator space lesions.Methods All patients(43 cases) were examined with CT (28 cases) or MRI(10 cases),and 4 cases underwent both CT and MR examination.Results 9 cases of masticator space infection were found,which had characteristic appearances and patterns of widely spread on CT and MRI,and CT was better in detecting mandibular osteomyelitis.Primary tumors of the space included 6 cases of rhabdomyosarcomas,5 cases of angioma,4 cases of osteosarcomas.Most of them had the particular CT or MRI features.In 19 cases of metastasis of the space,most came from surrounding structures,especially from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck,and penetrating deeply into the muscles or ramus of masticator space.Conclusion The masticator space lesions(infection and most of tumors) are of characteristic features on CT and MRI.