Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most significant microvascular complications of diabetes,and its incidence increases with the prolongation of DM;meanwhile,it can lead to severe vision loss.Recently,the pathogenesis of DR has been one of the focuses both at home and abroad,but the basic mechanisms are not fully elucidated.More and more scholars believe that DR may be a chronic and low degree of inflammatory response.Moreover,it is well established that microglia is a monocyte-macrophage,with antigen-presenting function.Especially in the retina,as microglia is activated,followed by the release of a large number of inflammatory factors,microglia involves in DR inflammatory response.Understanding the activation mechanism of microglia can provide a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of DR.Therefore,recent advances in activation of microglia in diabetic retinopathy and its intervention mechanism will be reviewed in the article.

Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Proteomics ; methods

Aged ; Humans ; Kallikreins ; analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; analysis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis

Humans ; Liver Diseases

Objective To analyze the factors related to glare occurred after the phakic intraocular lens (P-IOL) implantation,and to raise the standard for the P-IOL selection.Design Retrospective case series.Participants 104 patients with high myopia underwent P-IOL implantation in Beijing Tongren Hospital.Methods In 104 cases,22 cases (22 eyes) were implanted angle supported Phakic6 designed accord with corneal symmetry,54 cases (54 eyes) were implanted iris fixed Verisyse,and 28 cases (28 eyes) were implanted posterior chamber PRL.Selection of the diameter of P-IOL optics depended on P-IOL diopters.The pupil diameter,the P-IOL optic center position,the pupil and corneal center position were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT).The contrast sensitivity (CS) under different condition (day,day and glare,night,night and glare) and in different space frequency (1.5,3,6, 12,18c/d)were examined with Optec6500 system.Main Outcome Measures Glare incidence,CS,and the influence of pupil diameter and P-IOL location to glare.Results None of the 104 P-IOL eyes occurred glare in day time.59 eyes (56.73%) complained of glare in dime condition.The glare incidence was 63.18% (14/22) in Phakic6 eyes,55.56% (30/54) in Verisyse eyes,and 53.27% (15/28) in PRL eyes (P=0.691).CS of all surgical eyes were improved in day time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).And the CS of halo-complaining eyes was lower than of no halo eyes in night time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).Glare oc- curred more frequently in eyes with the pupil diameter larger than P-IOL diameter in clime condition after surgery (10 in Phakic6 eyes, 20 in Verisyse eyes,12 in PRL eyes,all P

To investigate changes in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene expression in postburn Staphylococcus aureus infection, and its potential signaling mechanism, 68 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal control group (n=6), scald control group (n=6), postburn sepsis group (n=36),AG126 treatment group (n=10) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) treatment group (n=10). Tissue samples from the liver, kidney and lung were collected from every group to determine TLR2 and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) mRNA expression. The results showed that TLR2 mRNA expressions in the liver, kidney and lung from postburn septic animals were up-regulated rapidly, peaking at 0.5-2 hours (P

AlM: To investigate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy ( PDT) and intravitreal injection with ranibizumab on macular choroidal neovascularization ( CNV ) of pathologic myopia ( PM) .
METHODS: There were patients ( 32 eyes ) who were diagnosed as PM with CNV. Randomly selected 16 cases ( 16 eyes ) which were given the PDT treatment ( PDT group ) . The remaining were given both PDT and intravitreal injection with ranibizumab ( combination group) . There is no significant difference on macular edema between two groups. We analyzed the changes in the best corrected visual activity ( BCVA) , optic coherence tomograph ( OCT ) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) before and 1, 6mo after treatment.
RESULTS:One month after the treatment in PDT group:the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased compared with that of pretreatment (P<0. 05). One month after the treatment in combination group: the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased significantly compared with that of pretreatment (P<0. 01);the changes of BCVA and CMT showed statistically significant between the two groups ( P<0. 05). Six month after the treatment in PDT group: the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased compared with that of pretreatment ( P <0. 05 ). Six month after the treatment in combination group: the BCVA increased while the CMT decreased significantly compared with that of pretreatment ( P <0. 01 ); compared with changes of BCVA and CMT in two groups, the difference was significant after treatment (P<0. 05). Compared 1mo with 6mo after treatment:there was no significant difference in the BCVA and CMT changes (P>0. 05). One month after treatment: in PDT group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage of CNV in 11 eyes (69%), and the fundus remained leaky in 5 eyes ( 31%); in combination group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage of CNV in 13 eyes (81%);the fundus remained leaky in 3 eyes (19%). Six month after treatment:in PDT group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage in 10 eyes ( 62. 5%); the fundus remained leaky in 4 eyes ( 25%); two eyes ( 12. 5%) relapsed leakage; in combination group, FFA showed no leakage or reduced leakage of CNV in 15 eyes (94%);the fundus remained leaky in 1 eye (6%).
CONCLUSlON: Not only PDT but also PDT and intravitreal injection with ranibizumab can block CNV of pathologic myopia completely or partly, and reduce the danger causing descent of vision. Effects and the stability of the combination therapy is superior to PDT treatment.

Background It is widely appreciated that many animal cells rely on the mechanism of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) after swell under the hypotonic environment,which involved in some processes of cellular physiology.But the RVD of lens epithelial cells(LECs) still is being further researched.Objective Present study was to clarify the possible mechanisms and influencing factors in the RVD of LECs.Methods Human LECs line (HLE B-3)were cultured and passaged in DMEM/F12 containing 10％ fetal bovine serum(FBS),and before volume measurement,cells were stuck to the base of a perfusion chamber,Ringer solution osmolality was decreased from 15％Hypo to 45％ Hypo,and the cells stimulated by 45％ Hypo Ringer solution were used as the control group.Some experiments were performed in the presence of high extracellular K+ concentration,chloride or potassium channel inhibitor,experiments were also carried out in the nominal absence of Ca2+,Cl-or HCO-3 to test the effect of a decrease in intracellular concentration of these ions on the cell volume response.The volume changes of living cells were measured by lag-time microphotograph acquisition and analysis system (IPP6.0).Results Time course of cell volume change after hypotonic shock in HLE B-3 cells was observed.The cell swelling was followed by a gradual volume recovery,indicating the presence of RVD was influenced by the hypotonic stress.Under the stimulation of 45 ％Hypo Ringer solution,the rates of RVD were (59.1 ±7.8)％.RVD was correlated positively to the maximum cell volume (r =0.99,P＜0.05)in S shape,and RVD changes were sensitive to alter maximum cell volume in the range of 115％-135％.RVD reduced to (16.5 ± 1.6) ％,(14.7 ± 2.3) ％,respectively after acted by potassium channel inhibitor,TEA(10 mmol/L)and BaCl2(5 mmol/L)as well as chloride channel inhibitor,NPPB(100 μmol/L)and DIDS(100 μmol/L),with significant differences in comparison with the control group(all P＜0.01).RVD decreased by(5.8±1.6)％ and(2.7±0.8)％ in high concentration of K+ in extracellular fluid and the absence of Cl-(P＜0.01).RVD was significantly inhibited under the absence of Ca2+.When the 45％ Ringer solution was pH6.8,the process of RVD delayed.The rate of RVD in the first ten minutes was (0.86±0.24)％/min,showing a significant decline in comparison with (3.24±0.84) ％ / min of pH 7.4 (P ＜0.05).Conclusions HLE B-3 have RVD ability under the hypotonic stress stimulation.A certain intracellular Ca2+ concentration is the premise of RVD activation,and Cl efflux and K+ efflux are the key mechanism of RVD of HLE B-3.Acidic environment of hypotonic solution delays the occurrence of RVD.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Ligation ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the immune response of CD4~+ T helper lymphocytes (Th) and their cytokines following liver transplantation. DATA SOURCE: A computer-based online search was conducted in Medline from January 1970 to December 2008, Wanfang Database from January 1998 to December 2008, and China Hospital Knowledge Database from January 1998 to December 2008 with the key words of "liver transplantation, rejection, immune Tolerance, T helper lymphocytes, Th1 cells, Th2 cells" in both Chinese and English. DATA SELECTION: Articles about immune response of Th and their cytokines following liver transplantation were included, but reviews and duplicated studies were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A total of 36 relative articles about immune response of Th and their cytokines following liver transplantation (n=3), immune effect of Th and cytokines on liver transplantation (n=22), and relationship among Th, cytokines, and transplantation immunity (n=11) were included. RESULTS: T helper lymphocyte was of importance to regulate the immune response, with function of supporting body fluid and cellular immune. Th and their cytokines played a very important role in immune tolerance following liver transplantation. The ration of Th1/Th2 was correlated with the immune response following liver transplantation. The increased Th1 secretion might induce rejection of liver tissue. When the ration turned to Th2, the immune tolerance easily occurred. CONCLUSION: Up to now, the theory of relationship between Th1/Th2 ration and transplantation immunity is not used for clinical application. Therefore, how to determine the immune state of organism by detecting and regulating cytokines, adjust Th1/Th2 ration, and induce specific immunologic tolerance of host become hot topics in the future.