Metal-based drugs, such as 1,10-phenanthroline, have demonstrated anticancer, antifungal and antiplasmodium activities. One of the 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives compounds (1)-N-2-methoxybenzyl-1,10-phenanthrolinium bromide (FEN), which has been demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the growth of Candida spp. This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity of FEN and its effect on the membrane integrity of Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of FEN against planktonic C. albicans cells were determined using the broth microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Cell membrane integrity was determined with the propidium iodide assay using a flow cytometer and were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Planktonic cells growth of C. albicans were inhibited by FEN, with an MIC of 0.39–1.56 µg/mL and a MFC that ranged from 3.125 to 100 µg/mL. When C. albicans was exposed to FEN, the uptake of propidium iodide was increased, which indicated that membrane disruption is the probable mode of action of this compound. There was cells surface changes of C. albicans when observed under SEM.
Candida albicans* ; Candida* ; Cell Membrane ; In Vitro Techniques* ; Membranes* ; Methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Plankton ; Propidium

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that can cause complications in the kidneys. Centella asiatica extracts have the potential to inhibit pancreatic, liver and kidney tissue damage. This study was intended to determine the potential of C. asiatica extract in inhibiting kidney damage in an animal model of DM. Methods: Male Wistar rats were used in 5 treatment groups namely non-DM, DM, and DM with C. asiatica extract Dose 1 (250mg / kg), Dose 2 (500mg / kg) and Dose 3 (1000mg / kg). Changes in body weight, blood sugar, serum urea, kidney weight, glycosuria, and urine volume were observed in all treatment groups. Results: There were no significant differences between treatment groups on changes in blood glucose concentration, body weight, and serum ureum. However, C. asiatica treated group showed significantly lower value of urine volume, glycosuria, and kidney weight compare to those on Non-DM and DM groups. Decrease in blood glucose, although not significantly different, affects glucose urine excretion. Conclusion: C. asiatica extract has the potential to inhibit kidney damage in rats with DM through prevent the increase of urine volume, glycosuria, and kidney weight.