To histologically compare benign prostatic hyperplasia with proslalic adenocarcinoma, a morphometric study was conducted on 20 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia and 16 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma group was divided into two subgroups. well differentiated (9 cases) and poorly differentiated (7 cases), based on the Gleason grading system. By means of computerized image analyzer, about 30 to 40 cells for each case were examined to evaluate mean nuclear area and perimeter, mean standard deviations and mean form factor. Mean form factor, the most prominent parameter in our study, was significantly different among BPH (1.063+/-0.008), well differentiated adenocarcinoma (1.089+/-0.018) and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (1.135 +/-0.057 ). Mean standard deviations of mean nuclear area and perimeter were significantly different between benign prostatic hyperplasia and well differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma. .Morphometry. may provide the pathologists with a helpful technique, allowing them to analyze pathological material accurately. and in a more quantitative and reproducible fashion.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostatic Hyperplasia*

Cancer is the leading cause of disease and death worldwide and among all cancers,prostate cancer (PCA) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer of men after lungcancer. Despite the low incidence of prostate cancer, there is a rapid increase of prostate cancer's incidence and mortality in Asian countries due to a more westernized lifestyle and high proportion of advanced stage prostate cancer.
Prostate ; Neoplasm Grading ; Bone Neoplasms

PURPOSE: We investigate the impact of tumor multifocality on the biochemical recurrence rate after radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data was collected from 525 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer from 2003 to 2007. We evaluated the potential associations of multifocality with various clinical and pathologic factors. The ability to predict extra-capsular extension(ECE) was tested by logistic regression models, whereas biochemical recurrence(BCR) was assessed via Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox-hazard regression models. The BCR was defined as a level of serum prostate-specific antigen(PSA) of 0.2ng/ml or greater on consecutive evaluations. RESULTS: Multifocality was observed to be significantly associated with the presence of a high grade Gleason pattern(p=0.014), the pT stage(p< 0.001), ECE(p=0.005) and a positive surgical margin(PSM)(p=0.019). Moreover, it was the independent predictor of ECE on multivariate logistic regression analyses(p=0.039). However, although multifocality had a significant influence on biochemical recurrence on the Kaplan-Meier analyses (log rank test, p=0.019), only the PSA level and the Gleason score were significant predictors of BCR on the multivariated Cox-hazard analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Although multifocality was associated with adverse pathologic features, it had no significant effect on biochemical recurrence on the multivariated cox-hazard analyses.
Humans ; Logistic Models ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Recurrence

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and identify the predicting factors of extraprostatic extension(EPE) in T1c prostate cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 267 consecutive men who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy(RRP) as initial treatment for prostate cancers, 131(49.1%) presented with a clinical stage T1c disease. Clinicopathological data were collected, and factors related to biopsy collected; i.e. the number of positive cores(No.(+) core); the percentage of positive cores(%(+) core); the maximal tumor length(Max. mm cancer); the sum of tumor length (Total mm cancer); the maximal ratio of tumor/core length(Max. % mm cancer) and the mean ratio of tumor/core length(Mean % mm cancer). A logistical regression analysis was performed after dividing the cases into organ-confined(OC) and EPE. RESULTS: Of the T1c tumors, 107(81.7%) and 24(18.3%) were found to be OC and to have EPE after RRP, respectively. The preoperative factors that showed a significant difference between the two groups(OC vs. EPE) were %free prostate-specific antigen(17.7 vs. 11.1%), prostate volume(43.5 vs. 34.6ml), Gleason score(6.4 vs. 6.8), %(+) core(17.9 vs. 27%), Max. mm cancer(3.5 vs. 6.7mm) and Max. % mm cancer(24.0 vs. 41.6%). Of these factors, those significantly predicting EPE in the receiver operator characteristics curve were: the Gleason score, %(+) core, Max. mm cancer and Max. % mm cancer. Of these, only the %(+) core and Max. mm cancer were significant in predicting EPE in the multivariate logistical regression. When the cutoff of %(+) core was 19%, the risk of EPE increased 2.3 times, and when the cutoff of Max. mm cancer was 5mm the risk increased 3.6 times. CONCLUSIONS: Max. mm cancer and %(+) core during a biopsy are preoperative factors that predict the EPE of a clinical stage T1c disease, and should be considered for modifying the surgical technique and in establishing treatment plans.
Biopsy ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Male ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate* ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: Survivin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis(IAP), is expressed in many human cancers, but its potential role in prostate cancer is unknown. The expressions of survivin in benign prostate hyperplasia, localized prostate cancer and metastatic prostate cancer were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections by a monoclonal antibody for survivin using the standard avidin- biotin-peroxidase technique was performed in 19, 20 and 30 cases with benign prostate hyperplasia, localized prostate cancer and metastatic prostate cancer, respectively. The relationships between the expression of survivin and the clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: No survivin expression was found in benign prostate hyperplasia, but not in prostate cancer. The expression of survivin was observed in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, but not in the neighboring normal tissues. The immunoreactivity of survivin increased from localized prostate cancer (60.0%) to metastatic prostate cancer(76.7%), but did not differ significantly. A statistically significant association was observed between the expression of survivin and the Gleason score(p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Survivin is expressed in the majority of Prostate cancers and is related to the Gleason score. Survivin may be a potential target for apoptosis-based therapy.
Apoptosis ; Cytoplasm ; Humans ; Hyperplasia* ; Neoplasm Grading ; Paraffin ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms*

Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm that develops from the prostatic urethra. We present an 85-year-old man with an exophytic lesion in the prostatic cavity, which was diagnosed after transurethral resection of the prostate. Histopathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as a ductal adenocarcinoma with endometrioid features and a Gleason score of 6.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aged, 80 and over ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate ; Urethra

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic significances of p53 and cathepsin D in the prostatic carcinoma, we compared them to other prognostic factors, such as nuclear grade and clinical stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material consisted of 40 paraffin-embedded, primary prostate carcinomas. We examined the expression of p53 and cathepsin D using immunohistochemical staining and compared their expression with the grade and stage. RESULTS: The expressions of p53 were noted in the nucleus of tumor cells and cathepsin D were noted in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Thirteen of 40 tumors were positive for p53. There were more expressing p53 in samples (40%) from prostatic cancer with a high Gleason score group than in samples (28%) from prostatic cancer with low Gleason score group. The expression of p53 was 22% in clinical stage B and C groups and 35% in clinical stage D group. These results showed that p53 expression was not statistically correlated with Gleason score and clinical stage, but there were trends to increased p53 expression with high Gleason score and progressed clinical stage (p>0.05). Progressed clinical stage group showed higher expression of cathepsin D than early clinical stage group. However, there were no statistical correlations between expression of cathepsin D and Gleason score, and clinical stage (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the overexpression of p53 and cathepsin D may be associated with tumor differentiation and clinical stage, but have limited prognostic value in prostatic carcinoma.
Cathepsin D* ; Cathepsins* ; Cytoplasm ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate ; Prostatic Neoplasms

PURPOSE: Proteins encoded by bcl-2 family as regulators of apoptosis appear to have significant cellular effects such that when abnormally expressed, they may render certain cells more susceptible to aberrant proliferation. The ratio of anti-apoptotic to pro-apoptotic bcl-2 family proteins appears to control the relative sensitivity or resistance of cells to apoptotic stimuli. The primary goal of this study is to determine the expression pattern of bcl-2 and bax in prostate carcinoma and to correlate them with Gleason score, T stage, and PSA to determine their prognostic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the cellular expression of bcl-2 and bax proteins using immunohistochemical metod in a total 35 patients with untreated prostatic carcinoma. All tissues were scored for overall tissue expression as follows: bcl-2(0,<1%; 1+, 1-25%; 2+, 26-50%; 3+, >50%), bax(1+,<50%; 2+, 51-75%; 3+, >75%). RESULTS: Of the 35 cases, 16(45.7%) contained at least 1% bcl-2 positive tumor cells. The bcl-2 positive cases included 1(7.7%) Gleason 2 to 4 grade tumors, 8(66.7%) Gleason 5 to 7 tumors, 7(70.0%) Gleason 8 to 10 tumors. bcl-2 protein expressed more frequently in higher grade(p<0.05) and in higher PSA level(p<0.05) of tumors. bax immunostaining was positive for all 35(100%) and 1+ was 16(45.7%), 2+ was 14(40.0%), 3+ was 5(14.3%). But statistically significant differences in bax expression among grade, T stage, and PSA were not observed. The bcl-2 protein was present mainly in the basal cells, but bax was in both basal and secretory cells of prostate. CONCLUSIONS: bcl-2 protein have some potential role in progression of prostate carcinoma. Therefore, studies that evaluate the expression of these bcl-2 family genes in varoius time during progression of tumors correlate with the state of hormone dependency, response to therapy and duration of response are needed.
Apoptosis ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate*

PURPOSE: We applied low-dose-rate brachytherapy for low- and intermediate-risk groups of prostate cancer patients. Our initial experiences were analyzed to assess the result of low-dose-rate brachytherapy for low- and intermediate-risk groups of patients with localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 consecutive patients have been treated with brachytherapy for 1 year since April 2007. Among them, a total of 24 patients in the low- or intermediate-risk groups were enrolled: 10 of the 24 patients were in the low-risk group (clinical T1a-T2b, Gleason score [GS] of 2-6, PSA<10 ng/ml), and 14 patients were in the intermediate-risk group (clinical T2b-T2c, Gleason score of 7, or PSA 10-20 ng/ml). Implantations were performed by practicing a real-time ultrasound-guided placement including prostatic capsular placement in the intermediate-risk group. All 24 patients were treated with 1 to 3 months of androgen-deprivation therapy. RESULTS: In the low- and intermediate-risk groups, the median patients' ages were 64 and 70 years, respectively. The numbers of patients in the low-risk group according to clinical T stage were 4 cases of T1c and 6 cases of T2a. The intermediate-risk group included 4 patients of stage T2a, 3 patients of stage T2b, and 7 patients of T2c. Five patients with a GS< or =6 and 9 patients with a GS of 7 were classified as being in the intermediate-risk group. Serum PSA levels in the intermediate-risk group were less than 10 ng/ml in 11 patients and 10-20 ng/ml in 3 patients. The median radiation doses delivered to 90% of the prostate in the low-risk and intermediate-risk groups were 257.5 Gy (range, 142.5-357.5 Gy) and 260.0 Gy (range, 147.5-357.5 Gy), respectively. Biochemical failure was not revealed in any case during follow-up. No patients experienced major complications. CONCLUSIONS: We can expect outstanding local control effect with low-dose-rate brachytherapy in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Our technique of modifying the insertion field in the intermediate-risk group is feasible and tolerable. However, long-term follow-up data are needed for this strategy.
Brachytherapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate ; Prostatic Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: This study concernes the usefulness of 11C-methyl-L-and D-methionine(Met)-positron emission tomography(PET) for gliomagrading and detection of recurrence in gliomas, compared with fluorine-18, 2-fluoro-deoxyglucose(FDG)-PET. METHODS: Eighty patients underwent Met-PET study for evaluation of glioma: 37 astrocytomas (WHO grade II, 3; III, 8; IV, 26), 27 oligodendrogliomas (WHO grade II, 16; III, 11), and 12 suspicious recurrent gliomas. All images were taken within 2 weeks before operation. For suspicious recurrent cases on magnetic resonance images, both FDG-PET and Met-PET were performed. RESULTS: In astrocytoma, Mean maximum standard uptake value(SUV) of region of interest(ROI) was not different between WHO grades (p=0.108), but ROI/normal contralateral tissue SUV (T/N) ratio was statistically different between WHO grades (p=0.002). T/N ratio was more closely related to visual scale than maximum SUV of ROI (p<0.001 and p=0.107 respectively). In oligodendroglioma, there was no statistical difference between WHO grades in view of maximum SUV and T/N ratio. For recurrent gliomas, sensitivity of FDG-PET and Met-PET was 25% and 100%, while specificity of FDG-PET and Met-PET were 100% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Met-PET might be an appropriate tool for tumor grading in astrocytom a and be more sensitive for detection of recurrence in gliomas than FDG-PET.
Astrocytoma ; Glioma* ; Humans ; Methionine ; Neoplasm Grading ; Oligodendroglioma ; Recurrence* ; Sensitivity and Specificity