Introduction: Open globe injury may lead to devastating visual outcome. Urgent management and subsequent follow-up is important to maximise recovery. More data on open globe injury in Malaysia is needed to identify risk groups and prognostic factors. This study was carried out to investigate open globe injury, the socio-epidemic profile, clinical characteristics and outcome of the open globe injury in the Hospital Serdang, Malaysia. Methods: All patients managed for open globe injury to Hospital Serdang from January 2006 to December 2013 were included in this retrospective case review. Student’s T-test was used to determine difference between means and chi-square for categorical data. P value of less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: There were 155 patients managed for open globe injury with three of them had bilateral involvement. As such, there were 158 cases eligible for analysis in this study. The average age was 32.2 ± 16.5 years (mean ± standard deviation, SD). Male was at higher risk for open globe injury. Predictors for poor visual outcome were foreign nationality (p=0.047), lid laceration (0.008), type of injury (p=0.001), site of injury (p=0.008), RAPD (p<0.001), uveal prolapse (p<0.001), hyphaema (p=0.008), lens damage (p=0.010), vitreous loss (0.014), retinal detachment (p=0.011), intraocular foreign body (IOFB) (0.014) and poor presenting uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Occupational injury was a main cause of open globe injury in Hospital Serdang. Although in general the visual outcome is good, effort should be put to prevent work-related injury.

Despite the proven benefit of cryotherapy in the management of threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), it was shown leading to ocular adverse effects. A male infant was born at 28 week of gestation with a birth weight of 1200 g. Serial examinations revealed worsening ROP in both eyes until he reached a high risk pre-threshold ROP in his right eye and threshold ROP in his left eye. Cryotherapy was performed for the threshold ROP in the left eye while the right eye was subjected to further observation. Subsequently, ROP in both eyes regressed without cicatrisation. The patient was followedup over 8 years and refractions showed that the treated eye developed steadily increasing myopia while the untreated eye remained emmetropic. This case demonstrated the detrimental effect of cryotherapy to the treated eye leading to the progressive myopia as the child grew.
Retinopathy of Prematurity ; Cryotherapy

Introduction: Microbial keratitis (MK) is an important cause for corneal blindness and understanding its risk factors enable us to improve management and minimise its complications. Methods: In this retrospective case review, medical records of all patients treated for MK from 2006 to 2013 was analysed to know the socio-demography, preceding risk factors, clinical characteristics, causative organisms and final visual outcome. Results: A total of 174 patients (180 eyes) were included in this study. Identifiable ocular risk factors included contact lens (CL) usage (85, 47.2%), ocular trauma (50, 27.8%), ocular surface disease (21, 11.6%), steroid use (6, 3.3%) and immuno-compromy (19, 10.5%). Association factors for presenting uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) were age group (p=0.013), size (p<0.001), location (p<0.001) and hypopyon (p<0.001). The predictors for final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) were age group (p<0.001), nationality (p=0.020), occupation (p<0.001), CL use (p<0.001), ocular surface disease (p=0.048), size (p<0.001) and location (p<0.044), hospitalisation duration (p=0.002) and presenting UCVA (p<0.001). Conclusions: Contact lens was the most frequent predisposing risk factor for microbial keratitis, followed by ocular trauma. Understanding the association factors for presenting vision and predictors for final vision may help in the patients’ management and improve eventual outcome of microbial keratitis.

Introduction: Microbial keratitis is one of the most challenging complications of contact lens (CL) wear. Proper CL practice plays an important role to reduce the risk for contact lens related microbial keratitis (CLRMK). Methods: This multi-centre case-control study was conducted from January 2008 until June 2009 to determine the risk factors associated with CLRMK. Cases were defined as respondents who were treated for CLRMK, whilst controls were respondents who were contact lens wearers without microbial keratitis. Ninety four cases were compared to 94 controls to determine the risk factors for CLRMK. Results: The predictors for CLRMK were: Not washing hands with soap before handling CL (aOR 2.979, CI 1.020, 8.701 p=0.046), not performing rubbing technique whilst cleaning the CL (aOR 3.006, CI 1.198, 7.538 p=0.019) and, not cleaning the lens case with multipurpose solution daily (aOR 3.242 CI 1.463, 7.186 p=0.004). Sleeping overnight with the CL in the eye (aOR 2.864, CI 0.978, 8.386 p=0.049) and overall non-compliance with lens care procedures (aOR 2.590, CI 1.003, 6.689 p=0.049) contributed significantly to CLRMK. Conclusion: Health education and promotion in contact lens care are important and should be conducted by eye care practitioners to reduce the occurrence of CLRMK.
Contact Lenses

Introduction: A hospital based case control study was conducted in government hospitals on contact lens patients diagnosed with microbial keratitis. Methods: The objective of this study is to determine the visual outcomes of contact lens related microbial keratitis. The visual outcomes which comprised of visual acuity, keratometry readings, corneal topography findings and contrast sensitivity examinations was determined after three months from the first presentation at the hospitals. Results: The mean LogMAR visual acuity during presentation was 0.96 ± 0.73 or a Snellen equivalent 6/60 (n=76) and mean LogMAR visual acuity after three months was 0.10 ± 0.48 or a Snellen equivalent 6/7.5 (n=76) with a significant difference (t=11.22, df=78, p=0.001). Best fit curve for the cases had a regression coefficient, r=0.350 ± 0.063 (95% CI = 0.224, 0.447, df=78, p=0.001. The visual acuity in cases and controls was 0.10 ± 0.48 and -0.10 ± 0.14 respectively (t= -3.61, df=154 p=0.001) after three months which showed improvement. There was a reduction in the corneal uniformity index and corneal asphericity in the cases. The Corneal Uniformity Index (CU index) in cases was 63.03 ± 26.38 (n=76) and in controls, 80.13 ± 11.30 (n=77), (t= -5.22, df=151, p=0.001). There was also a reduction in the contrast sensitivity function at all spatial frequencies in the cases which was significantly different. Conclusion: Microbial keratitis reduced the vision, corneal uniformity index, asphericity and contrast sensitivity after three months in eyes of patients diagnosed with the condition.
Keratitis ; Eye