Introduction: Patients with Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) usually diagnosed at advanced cancer stage and recurrent case. Rac1 have become an emerging therapeutic target for metastasis cancer. This gene is critically involved in cell polarization and reactive oxygen species-mediated cell killing. This study aims to investigate the Rac1 activities in NPC/HK1 cell line using siRNA approach and evaluate the calcium deposition profile. Methods: The NPC/ HK1cells were transfected with Rac1-siRNA (siRac1) at concentrations of 50nM, 100nM and 200nM for 24 hours and stained with alizarin red s for calcium mineralization profile. Levels of Rac1 gene expression were measured via qRT-PCR followed by the time dependent assessment for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results: Findings revealed that siRac1 concentrations of 200nM (p-value <0.02) and 100nM (p-value <0.016) had significant Rac1 suppression while 50nM (p-value <0.076) had the least suppression. On the other hand, from alizarin red S staining showed no significant changes for calcium mineralization activity on treated and control cells. However, siRac1 treated cells at 200nM showed presence of intracellular organelle swelling and loss of membrane integrity in 70% of the cells. This observation could possibly be linked to early sign of necrosis activity, hypoxia and disruption in intracellular calcium influx. Conclusion: This study suggest that Rac1 gene suppression might be involved in disruption of calcium deposition and reactive oxygen species-mediated NPC/HK1 cell killing. Further insight on the Rac1 molecular mechanism are needed to understand its potential role as therapeutic target for NPC
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Recently, one of the head and neck tumours located at the nasopharynx epithelium known as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have been associated with few cancer-promoting compounds that derived from alcohol, salt preserved foods consumptions and tobacco smoking such as acetaldehyde, nitrosamine, nicotine. These cancer-promoting compounds present the ability to damage the genome and disrupt cellular metabolic processes. This review will discuss further on the molecular mechanism of acetaldehyde, nitrosamine, nicotine and NPC risk. Acetaldehyde can exert influence as carcinogen macromolecular adducts to cellular proteins and DNAs whilst nitrosamines that commonly found in preserved salted foods/diets can contribute as a powerful carcinogen via endogenous nitrosation and reactives molecules by CYP2E1. Nicotine present in tobacco could reacts with nitrosamine to form NNN and NNK known as carcinogenic agent. NNK mediates unstable reactive oxygen species that can induce DNA lesion (α -hydroxylation of NNN at positions 2’and 5’) and microenvironment alteration for tumorigenesis. In conclusion, this study suggests acetaldehydes, nitrosamine and nicotine may contribute to NPC tumourigenesis.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Radiation retinopathy (RR) is a known complication after radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). This study aims to relate the relationship of RR and radiation dose in patients with NPC through assessment with clinical funduscopy and fundus fluorescein angiogram (FFA). A cross sectional study was conducted on patients with NPC who had completed radiotherapy treatment in the Oncology Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Eighty two eyes of 42 patients were examined and the prevalence of RR was found to be 35.4%. The severity of RR is strongly associated with the dose of radiation to the retina (Spearman correlation value=0.48; p<0.001). The common features of RR assessed by FFA were telangiectatic vessels (26.2%) and capillary non-perfusion (14.3%). Retinal neovasularization occurred in 10.7% of eyes. The level of visual deterioration correlated with the severity of RR with 26% of eyes experiencing a visual acuity of 6/18 or worse. More than one third of patients developed RR, with radiation maculopathy being the commonest cause for significant visual loss. FFA is a useful tool in detecting early signs of radiation retinopathy and maculopathy. Keywords:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

We present a case of an undifferentiated subtype of non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (NK-SCC) with sarcomatoid features in the nasopharynx in a 69-year-old man who was difficult to diagnose due to spindle-shaped malignant cells. He was admitted because of a right nasal obstruction and right headache, and imaging revealed a heterogeneously enhanced irregularly shaped mass at the nasopharynx. Histopathologically, the tumour was partially organised, and the tumour cells were epithelioid or spindle-shaped. Initially, we erroneously diagnosed the tumour as an angiosarcoma owing to its false-negative immunoreaction for cytokeratins and a mistaken interpretation for CD31. After in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus was positive, a consultation and additional immunostaining (including re-staining for cytokeratin with varying dilutions) were performed, and the diagnosis was revised to NK-SCC with sarcomatoid features. We believe that sarcomatoid features may be observed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and in this case, immunostaining using various epithelial markers is necessary and careful attention should be paid to the interpretation of immunostaining.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective: To report a rare form of metastasis from a primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a creeping form of dermal metastasis. Methods: Design: Case Report Setting: Tertiary Public University Hospital Patient: One Results: A 47-year-old male referred for radiotherapy after having undergone a selective neck dissection for multiple cervical lymphadenopathy with histopathologic diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma and no known primary underwent a four-quadrant nasopharyngeal biopsy which confirmed the presence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Subsequent radiotherapy resolved the primary mass , and a new posterior cervical lymph node that appeared five months after completion of radiotherapy also resolved with additional radiotherapy. He was asymptomatic for two years until he noted thickening of the skin in his left supraclavicular area. A Computed Tomography (CT) scan showed deep cervical adenopathy and skin thickening, and biopsy confirmed dermal metastatic carcinoma. Two courses of radiotherapy to the affected skin and left axilla where a lymph node had developed resulted in resolution and he was referred for chemotherapy. Conclusion Dermal metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare and does not present with pathognomonic symptomatology. It may therefore be confused for a benign side effect (dermatitis), not the malignant manifestation that forebodes a bad prognosis. Patients with dermal metastasis should receive treatment, and radiotherapy may play a significant part. Chemotherapy may also play a role in its management.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

15 patients with NPC were diagnosed by pathology were undifferentated carcinoma. The authors used the indirected immuno-fluorescent technique with the monoclonal antibody to determine HLA class I at squarmous cell of NPC tissue. HLA class I expressed weakly: 2112.8% Pan ABC; 10.838.37% B2M. There was a correlation between the prognosis groups and expressing of HLA class I
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; Carcinoma ; Diagnosis

Background: Identifying the factors which affect the invasion and metastasis process takes a vital role in the treatment of cancer. This is the first study on the relationship between the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP \u2013 9), invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Vietnam. Objectives: To evaluate the significance of matrix metalloproteinase \u2013 9 in predicting the metastasis potential of NPC. Subject and Method: The expression of MMP \u2013 9 was studied by immunohistochemical analysis in 33 nasopharyngeal carcinoma sections and the associations of MMP-9 with lymph nodes metastasis and clinical features. Results: Positive immunostaining for MMP-9 was observed in 94.94% of the NPCs, 39.4% of the cases being extensively positive (+++). The expression of MMP-9 correlated significantly with cervical lymph nodes metastasis (p<0.05). 5/16 cases (31.25% of the cases) without cervical lymph nodes metastasis expressed MMP-9 with 2+ or 3+ level, non-significant of MMP-9 expression with T classification and clinical stage. Conclusions: The expression of MMP-9 often goes along with lymph nodes metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
MMP-9 ; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

By the technique of indirect immunofluoresceine using 18 diverse markers, in the hospital K- Ha Noi, study was performed to determine the capacity of foreign antigene expression of tumor cells in the cell surface making them identified by immunology system through HLA system on NPC < 75 years old age patients. This system played an essential role in the regulation and realization of immune response.
Carcinoma ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; Nasopharyngeal Diseases ; Diagnosis

p style=text-align: justify;strongOBJECTIVE: /strongTo describe a case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma coexistent with primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis and review the literature.METHODS:br /Design:/strong Case Reportbr /strongSetting:/strong Tertiary Public University Hospitalbr /strongPatient:/strong One RESULTS:/strong A 28-year-old man presented with recurrent sore throat and neck pain with clinically enlarged tonsils. He underwent a routine adenotonsilectomy. Histopathologic examination revealed non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma with caseating granulomatous inflammation typical for tuberculosis in the same adenoid specimen. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was staged T2bN2M0. He was treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy and 9-month course of anti tuberculosis treatment. He recovered and remained symptom free year after treatment.CONCLUSION: /strongNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and tuberculosis (TB) are both very common diseases in Sabah, East Malaysia. However, it is very rare that both diseases present at the same time and same anatomical area in a patient. Diagnosis can be very challenging and confusing. Multidisciplinary consultations are warranted for appropriate treatment. Combined anti-tuberculosis treatment and concurrent chemoradiotherapy may be appropriate and effective./p
Human ; Male ; Adult ; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms

Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms