A 41-year-old woman was given a diagnosis of Behçet's disease at age 25. When she was 31, a large aortic pseudoaneurysm developed near the left renal artery. Isolation of the aneurysm and anatomical grafting and ancillary bypass were performed. Ten years later, a graft duodenal fistula developed. Extra-anatomical reconstruction was done after complete resection of the original graft and the infectious lesion. It was found that the intra-abdominal organs were receiving blood supply only from the inferiol mesenteric artery. Moreover, severe ischemia of the intra-abdominal organs was a concern during surgery. Therefore, hepatic vein oxygen saturation was monitored continuously with a Swan-Ganz catheter for ischemia of the intra-abdominal organs. It proved to be a very effective indicator and we could perform this operation safely. Reoperation of grafting is often inevitable in patients with Behçet's disease. Also, two stumps of abdominal aorta were left in this patient because of the extra-anatomical reconstruction. Pseudoaneurysm may later occur at the site of the stumps, thus necessitating careful follow-up observations.

A typical feature of mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MVO-HCM), is obvious hypertrophy of the mid-ventricular muscle and ventricle with transformation into the shape of an hourglass. We report a 60-year-old woman who had been given a diagnosis of apical type hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 12 years previously, but it changed to MVO-HCM with apical left ventricular aneurysm. We considered the impending rupture of the aneurysm because its wall was thin and pericardial effusion was detected by UCG (ultrasonic cardiograph). Urgent surgery was performed consisting of ventricular aneurysmectomy and patch reconstruction. After the surgery, a pseudoaneurysm was found in cardiac apex, so we performed surgery again. A residual shunt in the trabeculation caused the pseudoaneurysm, but its origin was not clear. She has been fine for 18 months without complications such as recurrence of aneurysm, ventricular arrhythmia or left ventricular dysfunction since the last surgery.

Between January 1994 and October 2004, 87 patients underwent emergency thoracic aortic surgery. Of these, 11 patients were more than 80 years old (O-group) and 76 were less than 80 years old (Y-group). A total of 58 patients (6 in O-group and 52 in Y-group) were treated for acute type-A aortic dissection, 5 (0 in O-group and 5 in Y-group) for acute type-B aortic dissection and 21 (4 in O-group and 17 in Y-group) for the involved rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm. The operative procedures consisted of the replacement of either the ascending, or the ascending and transverse aorta in 71 patients (8 in O-group and 63 in Y-group), and the replacement of the distal descending aorta in 15 patients (3 in O-group and 12 in Y-group). The operative mortality rates were 27.2% (3 patients) and 19.7% (15 patients) in the O- and Y-groups, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups. The rate of early complications, including circulatory failure, respiratory failure and cerebral infarction, did not statistically differ between the 2 groups. The overall 2-year survival rates of the patients who survived the operation were 83.3% in the O-group and 95.1% in the Y-group. Moreorer, 75% of the patients (6 of 8) who survived the surgery regained normal activities of daily life after the surgery, at a level similar to before the surgery. The present data indicates that emergency thoracic aortic surgery can be justified in selected in octogenarian patients.

Immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a crucial side effect of heparin therapy. We report the case of a 52-year-old man who was strongly suspected of having HIT after urgent descending aorta replacement. This case required continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) anticoagulated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) for acute renal failure after the operation. The patient developed thrombocytopenia and thrombus emphraxis in the circuit on the seventh day and was suspected of having HIT. UFH was ceased and replaced with argatroban. After then, thrombus emphraxis was not seen in the circuit and the platelet count was recovered promptly. He tested positive in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies (anti-PF4/H Abs). Six months later, we found, an expanding thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm and performed thoracoabdominal aorta replacement. We selected heparin anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass because anti-PF4/H Abs were negative at that time. Thrombus emphraxis was not found during the operation. The patient developed neither thrombocytopenia nor thrombosis in the perioperative period.

We report a case of a 72-year-old woman, who had an anastomotic pseudoaneurysm in the ascending aorta, successfully treated by endovascular aortic repair with vascular embolic devise and stent-graft. It seemed to be high risk to achieve conventional surgery with extracorporeal circulation, therefore we selected endovascular treatment because she had a bleeding tendency which derived from disseminated intravascular coagulation. Then, we adopted stent-grafting with a vascular embolic device, because the distal side of pseudoaneurysm had too short a landing zone to cover the stent-graft only. The patient well tolerated this procedure and her postoperative course was uneventful. The pseudoaneurysm shrank at 6th months after operation.

A 52-year-old man was referred to our institution because of a solitary aneurysm of the left common iliac artery. The presence of the aneurysm was demonstrated by CT and angiography. The aneurysm had a diameter of about 30mm. The walls of the bilateral external iliac arteries were irregular, like a string of beads. The aneurysm was resected and replaced with a vascular prosthesis. Histological examination of the aneurysm and a part of the left external iliac artery indicated a diagnosis compatible with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD: medial fibroplasia). A solitary iliac aneurysm is rare, and is usually due to atherosclerosis. However, the aneurysm in this case was related to FMD. To the best of our knowledge, only one other case of a solitary common iliac aneurysm caused by FMD has so far been described.

A 12-year-old girl had relative graft stenosis following the reconstruction of type A interrupted aortic arch. At 25 days after birth she underwent ascending aorta-descending aorta bypass with a 7mm knitted Dacron graft, ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery banding. She had patch closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) as well at 20 months of age. At age 12 catheterization was carried out, because she had headache and dizziness on exertion. The pressure of the ascending aorta was 163/79mmHg and the pressure gradient between the ascending and the descending aorta was 65mmHg. Aortography revealed severe stenosis of the graft, which might have occurred according to her growth. An extra-anatomic bypass was placed between the right axillary and the right common iliac artery through the intrapleural and preperitoneal route with a 10mm Dacron graft. Six months later, the blood pressure was 108/63mmHg in the upper extremities, the pressure gradient between the upper and lower extremities was reduced to 18mmHg, and headache and dizziness had disappeared.

Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is defined as the extension into the venous channels of histologically benign smooth muscle tumors originating either from a uterine myoma or from the walls of a uterine vessel. We report a case of IVL extending to the right atrium and right ventricle through the right internal iliac vein and the inferior vena cava. The patient was a 43-year-old woman. The tumor was extirpated by simultaneous median sternotomy and laparotomy with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. It was necessary to use cardiopulmonary bypass in order to open the right atrium. However, it proved difficult to insert the venous cannulae into the inferior vena cava due to the presence of the tumors. In order to perform the cannulation, a trans-right atrial excision of this tumor was necessary. Nevertheless, hemodynamic deterioration tended to occur during the procedure because of unexpected bleeding. We believe that to safely carry out this operation, it would be better to ensure circulatory arrest before trans-right atrial excision of the tumor. We have been continuing preventive antiestrogen therapy because recurrence would be very likely if any tumorous tissue remained after surgery. Fortunately, no intravenous infiltration of the tumor has been detected by either pelvic computed tomography or ultrasonography during the 26-month follow-up period. Surgical excision of the tumors and postoperative medication are now believed to have been effective.

Objective: To evaluate the potential of local mosquitoes to act as vectors for dengue transmission in Japan.
Methods: Serotype 2 ThNH28/93 was used to test the dengue susceptibility profiles of Aedes flavopictus miyarai (Ae. f. miyarai), Aedes galloisi (Ae. galloisi) and Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus), which were collected in Japan. We used Aedes aegypti from Thailand as a positive control. The mosquitoes were infected with the virus intrathoracically or orally. At 10 or 14 days post infection, the mosquitoes were dissected and total RNA was extracted from their abdomens, thoraxes, heads and legs. Mosquito susceptibility to dengue virus was evaluated using RT-PCR with dengue virus-specific primers. Differences in the infection and mortality rates of the different mosquito species were tested using Fisher's exact probability test.
Results: The infection rates for dengue virus administered intrathoracically to Ae. f. miyarai, Ae. galloisi and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were identical by RT-PCR on Day 10 post infection. All of the body parts we tested were RT-PCR-positive for dengue virus. For the orally admin-istered virus, the infection rates in the different body parts of the Ae. f. miyarai mosquitoes were slightly higher than those of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, but were similar to the control mosquitoes (P>0.05). The mortality rates for Ae. f. miyarai and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were similar (P=0.19). Our data indicated that dengue virus was able to replicate and disseminate to secondary infection sites in all of the four mosquito species (Japanese and Thai).
Conclusions: Ae. albopictus is a well-known candidate for dengue transmission in Japan. However, our data suggest that Ae. f. miyarai from Ishigaki Island (near Okinawa Island) and Ae. galloisi from Hokkaido (Northern Japan) should also be regarded as potential vectors for dengue transmission in these regions. Further studies on these mosquitoes should be conducted.

A 81-year-old man underwent CABG for angina pectoris. The grafts were all patent in postoperative coronary angiography and he was discharged on postoperative day 24. Pericardial and pleural effusion appeared in 1 month after surgery. After pericardial and pleural effusion drainage, we started steroid therapy. However, his symptoms did not improve. We performed pericardiectomy under the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. Diastolic dysfunction improved after the surgery, and he was discharged on postoperative day 117.