Anomalies of the fetal orbit are caused by chromosomal and non-chromosomal abnormalities. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that the evaluation of the fetal growth and development using ultrasound to use their own national standard dimensions for obstetric and neonatal use. Nowadays, most countries have been using the own reference ranges for the fetal orbital dimensions in prenatal diagnosis for their nationality and ethnic group. In Mongolia, the extension of the standard parameters of biophetometer has been used for the fetus with 15-40 weeks of gestation. However, there is no study about fetal orbital dimensions. The purpose of our study was to determine the reference range of fetal orbital distances that can be diagnosed by ultrasound and to evaluate the relationships between the fetal orbital distances and the gestational ages (weeks).The study group included in 781 normal and fertility ages, pregnant women, which are relatively healthy and without any medical complications of pregnancy by prenatal examination of the routine ultrasound and genetic disorder at 16-36 weeks of gestation on a voluntary basis. Statistical analysis, including the linear regression and correlation were performed based on the obtained data.Correlations were observed between fetal orbital distances and the gestational ages. Strong linear relationships were observed between the fetal orbital (OD) (r= 0.81, p< 0.0001), biorbital (BOD) (r= 0.83, p< 0.0001), and inter-orbital (IOD) (r= 0.77, p < 0.0001)distances and the gestational ages (weeks). The fetal orbital distance (OD) was positively correlated with biparietal diameter (BPR) (r=0.77, p<0.0001), and the head circumference (HC) (r=0.83, p<0.0001). Moreover, strong correlations were observed between the biorbital distance (BOD) and the biparietal diameter (BPR) (r=0.804, p<0.0001), and the head circumference (HC) (r=0.86, p<0.0001). In addition, the inter-orbital distance (IOD) was positively correlated with biparietal diameter (BPR) (r=0.74, p<0.0001), and the head circumference (HC) (r=0.79, p<0.0001).The normal size of the orbital distance was slightly higher in Mongolian fetus compared to other countries. However, the inter-orbital distance was similar to other countries; and the bi-orbital distance was smaller in Mongolian fetus. These data may be helpful in the detection of fetal hypotelorism or hypertelorism.

Introduction: In Mongolia, data on the etiology and risk factors of cardioembolic stroke (CES) is scarce and few clinical studies have been performed to date. Timely identification and control of cardiovascular risk factors are priority objectives for adequate primary and secondary prevention of CES. Goal: The goal of this study was to describe risk factors for CES in our setting. Results: The case-control study enrolled a total of 525 subjects. CES was detected in 63 (35.7%) out of 176 (33.5%) ischemic stroke patients with a predominance in age group of 60-69 and men (33%). The main risk factor of CES was non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). AF especially paroxysmal AF increased the risk of CES by 4.6 times (p=<0.0001, OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.4-44.6). The second main cerebrovascular risk factors were hypertension and dyslipidemia. Conclusion CES accounted for 1/3 of ischemic stroke. The commonest underlying medical conditions were non-valvular atrial fibrillation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption and obesity. Hence, all patients with hypertension and non-valvular AF should be meticulously screened for prevention of CES.

Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are viral infections which can cause acute and chronic hepatitis and are the leading causes for hepatic cirrhosis and cancer, thus creating a significant burden to healthcare systems due to the high morbidity/mortality and costs of treatment. The risk of HBV infection in an unvaccinated person from a single HBV-infected needle stick injury ranges from 6–30. The prevention of HBV infection among HCWs has become a crucial issue. HBV can effectively be prevented by vaccination. A safe and effective HBV vaccine has been available since the 1980s and can prevent acute and chronic infection with an estimated effectivity of 95%. In 2017, the São Paulo Declaration on Hepatitis was launched at the World Hepatitis Summit 2017, calling upon governments to include hepatitis B vaccines for HCWs in national immunization programs. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and its chronic consequences and has an outstanding record of safety and effectiveness. Data on current hepatitis B vaccine coverage among HCWs in Mongolia is scarce. According to Azzaya et al, the protection level of the subjects was 67.2% >100 mIU/ml, 18.8%, 11-100 mIU/mL and 14.1%, 0-10 mIU/mL based on antibody titer level respectively among the vaccinated HCWs at the 2nd Central hospital. Thus, the HBV vaccination among public and private sector HCWs in Mongolia to inform the health authorities about the HCWs HBV vaccination status along with associated problems and challenges for further improving vaccination strategy among HCWs.