Objective To investigate whether Irisin improves islet β cells function in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)by enhancing autophagy through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway,so as to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of chronic metabolic diseases such as T2DM and metabolic syndrome.Methods Thirty SD male rats were randomly divided into normal group(NC group),T2DM group,and Irisin intervention group(T2DM + Irisin group). High-fat and high-sugar diet for 5 weeks plus low-dose(35 mg/kg)streptozotocin(STZ)induced T2DM rat model. After 8 weeks of intraperitoneal injection of Irisin,rats were tested for fasting blood glucose(FBG),fasting insulin(FINS),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C). The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test(IPGTT),intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test(IPITT)and hyperglycemic clamp test were performed to assess the islet function and insulin resistance level of rats in each group. The expression levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway proteins and autophagyrelated proteins in the pancreas were subsequently detected by Western blot. The expression levels of insulin,microtubuleassociated protein 1 light chain 3(MAP1LC3),p62,and lysosomal associated membrane protein-2(LAMP-2)in rat pancreas were detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC).Results There was an interaction between FBG and intervention time in rats(F = 11. 751,P = 0. 000),and the FBG gradually decreased in the T2DM + Irisin group with the prolongation of the intervention time. From the 4th week of intervention,the FBG in the T2DM + Irisin group decreased significantly compared with that in the T2DM group(F = 1 008. 870,P = 0. 000). Compared with NC group,the serum concentrations of TC,TG,and LDL-C concentrations in the T2DM group significantly increased(each P = 0. 000),while the HDL-C concentrations significantly decreased(P = 0. 000). After Irisin intervention,the above indexes were all improved(P = 0. 010,0. 000,0. 000 and 0. 000,respectively). Western blot results showed that compared with NC group,p62 protein expression and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰincreased significantly(P = 0. 008 and 0. 048,respectively),and LAMP-2 protein expression decreased significantly(P = 0. 000)in T2DM group. LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰexpression level further increased after Irisin intervention(P =0. 000),but p62 protein level significantly decreased(P = 0. 047)and LAMP-2 protein expression increased significantly(P = 0. 000),and the IHC results were consistent with the Western blot results. The levels of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR decreased significantly in the T2DM group compared with NC group(P = 0. 006,0. 031 and0. 000,respectively),and the above indicators further decreased after Irisin intervention(P = 0. 033,0. 013 and 0. 000,respectively).Conclusion Irisin can enhance autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to improve islet βcells function,providing a new idea for the treatment of T2DM.

Objective To introduce transforming growth factor ?(TGF ?) and the relationship between TGF ? and graft rejection. Methods Relevent articles in recent years were reviewed.Results The immunodepressive function of TGF ? could resist transplant organ rejection injury in early postoperative period ; meanwhile TGF ? also caused fibroblast migration and promoted matrix deposition by increasing collagen production and decreasing collagen breakdown via inhibition of collagenases,which resulted in transplant organ fibrosis and arteriosclerosis, gene polymorphisms of the TGF ? were associated with it. Moreover,ischemia reperfusion injury and immunodepressive drug also affected production of TGF ?.Conclusion TGF ? as a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine contributes to the development of acute and chronic rejection.

Objective To investigate the teaching effectiveness of preventive medicine and ask the students for feedback on the curriculum in order to reform the teaching methods.Methods Questionnaire survey.Sampling survey.Results 89.2％ of students have realized the importance of preventive medicine.Respectively 16.4％ and 7.5％ of students have no interesting on the curriculum due to teachers'matter and students' idea that the course is uselessness for their major and future career.75.1％ of students are interest in Nutrition and Food Hygiene,35.2％ of students dislike Medical Statistics,and 45.3％ of students think the most tough part is Medical Statistics.78.9％ of students wish to have more practice lessons.30.5％ of students do not ask teachers questions because of no communication with teachers after class.Conclusions Preventive Medicine is still ignored by a few students.The more tough the content is,the less interest the students have. Repeatedly emphasizing the importance of Preventive Medicine in medical education,adopting and combining with the community practical cases in class lectures and frequently communicating between teachers and students after class are suggested.

Commercialization of the doctors sector and lawyers sector, and that of medical services, sharp rise of medical disputes and its impact on healthcare services have grown into major challenges for the healthcare system in the United States where litigation is the legal way out of medical disputes at large.Anglo-American law system depends heavily on precedence as the criteria and the majority of such disputes trials are held in state courts, there is also a complete system of laws and decrees on medical disputes on the federation level.In an effort to handle medical disputes that are rising sharply in a piling-up amount, American lawyers, social organizations of arbitration and medicine, and many state courts are seeking alternative dispute resolution as a better way out for medical dispute mediation and resolution.Given the gaps between China and USA in social systems, legal systems, ,economic development, cultural background, healthcare systems and heahhcare security systems, these experiences will prove their value of reference for medical disputes resolution in China.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the bioethical principles which should be followed in the epidemiological study of AIDS.METHODS Practicality of bioethical principles in epidemiological study of AIDS was evaluated by theoretical analysis method.RESULTS The important principles in the epidemiological study of AIDS are respect,beneficence/nonmaleficence and justice principles.CONCLUSIONS Following bioehical principle is the basis of epidemiological study of AIDS.

This paper introduces the current status and development trend of the field medical equipment from such aspects as individual soldier,series of medical cases for fighting position,and mobile equipment for medical instrument and apparatus. The analysis shows that although the individual equipment is not advanced,and even backward,the integral efficiency is relatively high.

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of the management of medical equipment. Methods Ergonomics was applied to analyze the influence of Man-Machine-Environment System. Results Based on the actual cases, the improved procedure for equipment quality was realized and the management of purchase items were evaluated in quantification. Conclusion The efficiency of the management of medical equipment can be evaluated by using this method.

Analysised the transmission routes of AIDS in hospital,preventive strategies and existing ethic problems.Putting forward the importance of respecting the proper right of AIDS patients and health care workers in the prevention of nosocomial-transmitted HIV.On the basis of scientific study,strengthening the propagating of the knowledge of AIDS in the whole society,respecting the right and statue of AIDS prevention and timely treatment among both patients and health care workers.Respecting their medical treatment right and secrets,detecting HIV of patients on the informed consent.Respecting health care workers' right,providing profession guide and preventive strategies for prevention and control of nosocomial-transmitted AIDS.

Serum zinc, copper, mananese, chromium and blood selenium were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and atomic fluorescence spec-trophotometry.137 subjects were divided into 4 groups which consisted of 40 normal controls. 36 coronary arteries diseases (including 13 cases of AMI, 7 cases of congestive heart failure); 27 rheumatic valvular heart diseases (including 19 cases of congestive-heart failure) and 34 dilated cardiomyopathy (including 17 cases of congestive heart failure). The results showed that the mean value of serum copper, zinc, chromium, manganese and blood selenium in 40 healthy adults was 1.227?0.213?g/ml, 1.0?0.149?g/ml, 8.945?5.464ng/ ml, 12.163?4.21ng/ml, 0.0625?0.03?g/ml, respectively. The serum levels of copper in three groups with heart diseases were significantly higher than in normal control (P0.05). The manganese in rheumatic valvular heart diseases was significantly lower than in normal control (P