This study examined peculiarities in both muscle strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) among soccer players in comparison with those of archers as contrasting athletes. Subjects were 15 male soccer players and 9 male archers at N University. Measurement items were height, body weight (BW), isokinetic muscle strength (knee extension, knee flexion, hip extension, hip flexion) and CSA (psoas muscles). Isokinetic muscle strength (30, 120, 240°/sec.) was measured by Cybex6000 (Lumex Co.), and the psoas muscle CSA was determined using magnetic resonance imaging (Hitachi, Japan). Results were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength/BW at all angular velocities between soccer players and archers. 2. On isokinetic hip flexion strength/BW, the average values of soccer players were significantly higher at all angular velocities than those of archers. However, there was no significant difference in the average values of isokinetic hip extension strength at all angular velocities between the two groups. 3. The average value for the psoas muscle CSA in soccer players was significantly higher than that of archers. In this study, the biggest difference in muscle strength between soccer players and archers was hip flexion strength, and the CSA of the psoas muscle in soccer players, which is the main component of hip flexion, was significantly larger than that of archers. These findings showed the peculiarity of soccer players due to the constant demands of movements involved in ball kicking and running during practice and competition.

A total of 1, 000 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (467 males 533 females) were the subjects of this study designed to clarify the relationships between diabetic neurophathy and obesity. To determine the presence or absence of neuropathy, we interviewed all the subjects and asked them whether or not they had subjective symptoms such as insensitivity of the limbs and conditions associated with autonomic disorder. Furthermore, so long as situations permitted, a battery of tests were given them for the Achilles-tendon reflex and physiological nerve functions. To evaluate the extent of obesity, we used the body mass index (BMI) in accordance with the method proposed by the Japanese Society of Obesity
Results: In obese patients with BMI in excess of 24, subjective symptoms in the limbs, absence of ankle jerks and abnormality in the perception of vibration were observed with higher frequency than in those normal in weight with BMI from 20 to 24. Between these two groups, there was not much difference in the kind of therapy and blood sugara control they received, but the duration of the disease was shorter in the obese group. These findings made us believe that obesity serves as a promoter of neuropathy from the onset.
Even among the slenderly built subjects with BMI below 20, compared with the subjects normal in weight, a large number of them had subjective symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, absence of ankle jerks and abnormal levels of nerve conduction velocity. Between these two groups, there was not much difference in controlled blood sugar level and the duration of the disease, but the percentage of those treated with insulin was higher in the slender groupo than in the noramal-weight group. This fact suggested that severe diabetes might have contributed to the onset of neuropathy.
From the above, we concluded that there is a close link between diabetic neuropathy and obesity, and that proper weight control is a key to the prevention of this type of neuropathy.

The first trial of common achievement test-computer-based testing was held from January through August 2002. The number of examinees was 5, 693, of whom 5, 676 were analyzed. Single-best-answer, five-choice questions were used. The highest score was 92 points, the lowest score was 19 points, and the average score was 55.9±10.2 points (standard deviation). Scores were distributed normally. The test sets did not differ significantly in difficulty, although test-set items differed for each student. The percentage of correct answers, the ∅-coefficient, and the point-biserial correlation coefficient were calculated for each category of the model core curriculum. The percentage of correct answers was highest in category A of the model core curriculum, and percentages of correct answers were similar in categories B, C, D, E, and F. The ∅-coefficient and the correlation coefficient were low in categories A and F and were highest in category C. Although the percentage of correct answers in this trial was lower than expected, many test items had discriminatory power. The Test Items Evaluation Subcommittee is now evaluating test items, determining pool items, and revising new test items for the second trial and expect to compile a useful item bank.

Medical education programs of USA leading to the Medical Doctor are offered not only from 125 medical schools where only those who completed a four-year undergraduate college can apply for admission, but also from a combined post high school M. D. educational programs (PHM) equipped with the one-third of the 125 medical schools. In response to more frequent patient reports of dissatisfaction with their physicians' interpersonal skills and conducts towards patients, medical educators have emphasized the importance of personal and professional conduct among applicants for medical licensure. In 1984, the AAMC published the report entitled “Project Panel on the General Professional Education of the Physician and College Preparation for Medicine (subsequently referred to as “The GPEP Report” )” which ensured medical students' access to opportunities for more active learning, better integrated learning, and more patientoriented learning in medical school. In view of the current situation of the medical school in USA, the author strongly emphasized medical education reform in Japan to restructure the medical education to a four-year undergraduate college plus four-year medical school curriculum. If efforts to reconstruct the medical education system will be successful in the future, the author recommends significant changes in entrance examination so as to reconsider the content, timing and the process of their assessment techniques as well.

1) The faculty development at each medical school from 2003 through 2005 was analysed.
2) The major themes in faculty development were problem based learning, tutorial, computer based testing, and clinical training.
3) Faculty development is considered an effective way to enhance the contributions of faculty members to medical education.

In 2002, Japanese medical students began computer-based testing (CBT) to assess their basic and clinical medical knowledge, based on the model core-curriculum, before starting clinical clerkships. Of 9, 919 multiple choice questions submitted by 80 medical schools, 2, 791 were used for CBT and 7, 128 were rejected. To improve the quality of future CBT, we analyzed why questions were rejected. The most commons reasons were difficulty, length, and inappropriate choice of answers. A training course may be needed to improve the ability of medical school staff to devise questions.

Computer-based testing (CBT) has been used in Japan since 2002 to assess medical students' basic and clinical medical knowledge, based on the model core-curriculum, before they start clinical clerkships. For effective CBT, multiplechoice questions must accurately assess the knowledge of students. Questions for CBT are submitted by all medical schools in Japan. However, only 40% of questions are chosen for CBT and used at random; the other 60% of questions are rejected because of poor quality. Toimprove the ability of medical staff to devise questions, workshops were held at 30 medical schools. The acceptance rate of questions from schools where workshops were held was significantly increased. The workshops were extremely effbctive for improving the quality of questions.

Data from the first trial of the computer-based nationwide common achievement test in medicine, carried out from February through July in 2002, were analyzed to evaluate the applicability of the item-response theory. The trial test was designed to cover 6 areas of the core curriculum and included a total of 2791 items. For each area, 3 to 40 items were chosen randomly and administered to 5693 students in the fourth to sixth years; the responses of 5676 of these students were analyzed with specifically designed computer systems. Each student was presented with 100 items. The itemresponse patterns were analyzed with a 3-parameter logistic model (item discrimination, item difficulty, and guessing parameter). The main findings were: 1) Item difficulty and the percentage of correct answers were strongly correlated (r=-0.969to-0.982). 2) Item discrimination and the point-biserial correlation were moderately strongly correlated (r=0.304 to 0.511). 3) The estimated abilities and the percentage of correct answers were strongly correlated (r=0.810 to 0.945). 4) The mean ability increased with school year. 5) The correlation coefficients among the 6 curriculum area ability scores were less than 0.6. Because the nationwide common achievement test was designed to randomly present items to each student, the item-response theory can be used to adjust the differences among test sets. The first trial test was designed without considering the item-response theory, but the second trial test was administered with a design better suited for comparison. Results of an analysis of the second trial will be reported soon.

OBJECTIVETeeth can serve as records of environmental exposure to heavy metals during their formation. We applied a new technology - synchrotron radiation microbeams (SRXRF) - for analysis of heavy metals in human permanent teeth in modern and historical samples.

METHODSEach tooth was cut in half. A longitudinal section 200 mum in thickness was subjected to the determination of the heavy metal content by SRXRF or conventional analytical methods (ICP-MS analysis or reduction-aeration atomic absorption spectrometry). The relative concentrations of Pb, Hg, Cu and Zn measured by SRXRF were translated in concentrations (in g of heavy metal/g of enamel) using calibration curves by the two analytical methods.

RESULTSConcentrations in teeth in the modern females (n = 5) were 1.2 +/- 0.5 mug/g (n = 5) for Pb; 1.7 +/- 0.2 ng/g for Hg; 0.9 +/- 1.1 mug/g for Cu; 150 +/- 24.6 mug/g for Zn. The levels of Pb were highest in the teeth samples obtained from the humans of the Edo era (1603-1868 AD: ) (0.5-4.0 mug/g, n = 4). No trend was observed in this study in the Hg content in teeth during 3,000 years. The concentrations of Cu were highest in teeth of two medieval craftsmen (57.0 and 220 mug/g). The levels of Zn were higher in modern subjects (P < 0.05) than those in the Jomon (~1000 BC: ) to Edo periods [113.2 +/- 27.4 (mug/g, n = 11)]. Reconstruction of developmental exposure history to lead in a famous court painter of the Edo period (18th century) revealed high levels of Pb (7.1-22.0 mug/g) in his childhood.

CONCLUSIONSSRXRF is useful a method for reconstructing human exposures in very long trends.

BACKGROUND: To examine changes in psychological distress prevalence among pregnant women in Miyagi Prefecture, which was directly affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, and compare it with the other, less damaged areas of Japan. METHODS: This study was conducted in conjunction with the Japan Environment and Children`s Study. We examined 76,152 pregnant women including 8270 in Miyagi Regional Center and 67,882 in 13 other regional centers from the all-birth fixed data of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. We then compared the prevalence and risk of distress in women in Miyagi Regional Center and women in the 13 regional centers for 3 years after the disaster. RESULTS: Women in the Miyagi Regional Center suffered more psychological distress than those in the 13 regional centers: OR 1.38 (95% CI, 1.03-1.87) to 1.92 (95% CI, 1.42-2.60). Additionally, women in the inland area had a consistently higher prevalence of psychological distress compared to those from the 13 regional centers: OR 1.67 (95% CI, 1.18-2.38) to 2.19 (95% CI, 1.60-2.99). CONCLUSIONS The lack of pre-disaster data in the Japan Environment and Children's Study made it impossible to compare the incidence of psychological distress before and after the March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. However, 3 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake, the prevalence of pregnant women with psychological distress did not improve in Miyagi Regional Center. Further, the prevalence of mental illness in inland areas was consistently higher than that in the 13 regional centers after the disaster.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Disasters ; Earthquakes ; Female ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/psychology* ; Pregnant Women/psychology* ; Prevalence ; Psychological Distress ; Tsunamis ; Young Adult