The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, sensitive, precise and cost-effective one-level agar diffusion (5t1) bioassay for estimation of potency and bioactivity of Levofloxacin in pharmaceutical preparation which has not yet been reported in any pharmacopoeia. Among 16 microbial strains, Bacillus pumilus ATCC-14884 was selected as the most significant strain against Levofloxacin. Bioassay was optimized by investigating several factors such as buffer pH, inoculums concentration and reference standard concentration. Identification of Levofloxacin in commercial sample Levoflox tablet was done by FTIR spectroscopy. Mean potency recovery value for Levofloxacin in Levoflox tablet was estimated as 100.90%. A validated bioassay method showed linearity (r2 ? 0.988), precision (Interday RSD ? 1.05%, between analyst RSD ? 1.02%) and accuracy (101.23%, RSD ? 0.72%). Bioassay was correlated with HPLC using same sample and estimated potencies were 100.90%and 99.37%, respectively. Results show that bioassay is a suitable method for estimation of potency and bioactivity of Levofloxacin pharmaceutical preparations.

As a safety measure, dentures are routinely removed before surgery. Aspiration of a denture could be catastrophic, with medicolegal implications. Foreign body aspiration is uncommon in adults; however, aspirations may remain asymptomatic and undiagnosed for long periods of time. We report an adult male who presented with a cough for more than 6 months. On radiography, a foreign body was found migrating within the tracheobronchial tree from one mainstem bronchus to the other, at different time points. The foreign body was later found to be a portion of his denture. The aspiration may have occurred at the time of a surgical procedure.
Adult ; Airway Management ; Aspirations (Psychology) ; Bronchi ; Bronchoscopy ; Cough ; Dentures ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Male ; Radiography ; Trees

BACKGROUND:This study was undertaken to observe the characteristics of blood pressure variability (BPV) and sepsis and to investigate changes in blood pressure and its value on the severity of illness in patients with sepsis. METHODS:Blood parameters, APACHE Ⅱ score, and 24-hour ambulatory BP were analyzed in 89 patients with sepsis. RESULTS:In patients with APACHE Ⅱ score>19, the values of systolic blood pressure (SBPV), diasystolic blood pressure (DBPV), non-dipper percentage, cortisol (COR), lactate (LAC), platelet count (PLT) and glucose (GLU) were significantly higher than in those with APACHE Ⅱ score ≤19 (P<0.05 ), whereas the values of procalcitonin (PCT), white blood cell (WBC), creatinine (Cr), PaO2, C-reactive protein (CRP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that APACHE Ⅱ scores correlated significantly with SBPV and DBPV (P<0.01, r=0.732 and P<0.01, r=0.762). SBPV and DBPV were correlated with COR (P=0.018 and r=0.318; P=0.008 and r=0.353 respectively). However, SBPV and DBPV were not correlated with TNF-α, IL-10, and PCT (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis of SBPV, DBPV, APACHE Ⅱ score, and LAC was used to predict prognosis in terms of survival and non-survival rates. Receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) showed that DBPV was a better predictor of survival rate with an AUC value of 0.890. However, AUC of SBPV, APACHE Ⅱ score, and LAC was 0.746, 0.831 and 0.915, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The values of SBPV, DBPV and non-dipper percentage are higher in patients with sepsis. DBPV and SBPV can be used to predict the survival rate of patients with sepsis.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized study of antibiotic prophylaxis in elective spine surgery. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the rate of postoperative surgical site infection for a single dose of two different generations of cephalosporin with different dosage and timing of the antibiotics. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Current recommendation for prophylaxis in elective spine surgery is up to 60 minutes prior to incision. No study has investigated between different generation of cephalosporin for prophylaxis in elective spine surgery with respect to choice, dosage and timing. METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized study of 90 patients, assessed for the occurrence of surgical site infection (defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria) and other infections for up to 6 months after surgery. Demographic, surgical and further data were collected on subsequent operations, including hardware removal. RESULTS: Mean age in our group was 47 years (range, 19-71 years). The male to female ratio was 49:41 and the average timing of administration of antibiotics was 77 minutes (range, 30-120 minutes). The average blood loss was 626 mL (range, 150-3,000 mL) with a mean duration of surgery for 3.2 hours (range, 1.5-6 hours). One case of superficial infection and one case of deep infection met the exclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of a single preoperative dose of antibiotics in instrumented and non-instrumented elective spine surgery up to one hour prior to incision. There was no difference in terms of occurrence of surgical site infection with respect to dosage, choice and timing of antibiotics.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Spine

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study along with questionnaire. PURPOSE: To measure the correlation of the visual analogue score (VAS), with (Oswestry disability Index [ODI], version 2.1a) in English, and modified ODI (English and Hindi version). To validate translated version of the modified ODI in English version to Hindi. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Conflicting evidence in literature regarding the ability for existing ODI score to accurately measure the pain associated disability. METHODS: One hundred and three patients conservatively treated for low back pain were enrolled in the study. The Pearson correlation coefficient for VAS and ODI along with the Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability for Hindi version using the intraclass correlation coefficient was recorded. The new proposed translated Hindi version of ODI was carried out with established guidelines. RESULTS: The mean age in English and Hindi version of ODI was 53.5 years and 58.5 years, respectively. The gender ration was 21:24 in the English version and 35:23 in the Hindi version. The mean follow-up in English and Hindi version of ODI was 3.4 months and 50.27 months, respectively. The Cronbach coefficient alpha=0.7541 for English ODI and 0.9913 for Hindi ODI was recorded for the both modified versions. CONCLUSIONS: The new modified ODI is time saving and accurate, and it avoids the need to measure other scores and has stronger correlation with VAS score compared to the previous scores. We recommend this version for both English and Hindi speaking population as an assessment tool to measure the disability related to pain.
Back Pain ; Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Low Back Pain* ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Prospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with questionnaire. PURPOSE: To compare the treatment outcome of nocturnal leg cramps in lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) patients on conservative treatment with historical surgical cohorts and to determine the sensitivity and specificity as well as positive predictive value and negative predictive value of knee flexion test suggested for LSCS patient. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: True prevalence of nocturnal leg cramps in LSCS patients as well as the clinical outcome of its surgical treatment have been reported. METHODS: A questionnaire suggested from previous study with minor modifications was used in this study. Clinical data was collected. Knee flexion test was performed in two groups. RESULTS: The prevalence of nocturnal leg cramp was higher in the LSCS group compared to the control group (second group). In LSCS patients, 38 (88%) had improved leg cramps after the conservative treatment, 3 (6.97%) remained unchanged, and 2 (4.6%) had worsened leg cramps. Of the 43 patients, 21 (48.8%) had no disturbance to their activities of daily living. In the LSCS group, the sensitivity and specificity of the knee flexion test was 53.5% and 33.3%, respectively. The knee flexion test in the LSCS group had a positive predictive value and a negative predictive value of 65.71% and 23.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that nocturnal leg cramps were significantly more frequent in LSCS patients than in the control group.
Activities of Daily Living ; Cohort Studies ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Humans ; Knee ; Leg ; Muscle Cramp* ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders ; Spinal Canal* ; Treatment Outcome ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The objective of our study was to examine the electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities associated with clozapine treatment. It was a cross-sectional study on 87 psychiatric patients on clozapine treatment. 32 channel digital EEG was recorded and analysed visually for abnormalities. EEG abnormalities were observed in 63.2% of patients. Both slowing and epileptiform activities were noted in 41.4% of patients. The EEG abnormalities were not associated with dose or duration of clozapine exposure.
Clozapine ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Seizures

OBJECTIVE: Schneiderian first-rank symptoms (FRS) and abnormal EEG gamma activity in schizophrenia have been reported independently to have a neurodevelopmental basis. We aimed to investigate spontaneous gamma power in two groups of first episode schizophrenia patients (those who experience FRS and those who do not). METHODS: A comparative hospital based study having 37neuroleptic naive male patients with schizophrenia divided into two groups-FRS(+) and FRS(-) groups based on the presence of FRS. Thirty age, sex, education and handedness matched individuals served as controls (N). All participants underwent a 192-channel resting Electroencephalography (EEG) recording. Gamma spectral power was calculated for low- (30-50 Hz) and high-gamma 1 & 2 (51-70 and 71-100 Hz) bands. Spectral power was compared between three groups using MANOVA and supplementary one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni test controlling for multiple comparisons. Linear regression was used to identifying predictor variables for FRS. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed between spectral power parameters and various clinical variables. RESULTS: Significantly higher high gamma band-1 power was observed over right frontal (p<0.05), parietal (p<0.05) and temporal (p<0.05) regions in FRS(+) than FRS(-) group and normal controls. Right parietal high gamma-1 power and paranoid cluster on PANSS significantly predicted number of FRS in total schizophrenia patients; paranoid cluster on PANSS showed significant correlation with number of FRS in FRS(+) group. CONCLUSION: Findings of our study add to the evidence that areas contained within the hetero modal association cortex are associated with FRS. The study findings also strengthen the neurodevelopmental basis of FRS in schizophrenia.
Education ; Electroencephalography* ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Rabeprazole ; Schizophrenia*