Background: In Mongolia, the prevalence of osteoporosis is showing an increasing trend, with Uvs province exhibiting particularly high rates. International studies have primarily focused on calcium intake in adolescents, women during and after menopause, while there is a pressing need for comprehensive baseline research that includes all age groups regard less of gender. Aim: To assess the knowledge and dietary calcium intake among residents aged 18 and above in Uvs province, and to investigate the correlation between calcium knowledge and intake. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 individuals aged 18 years and older who vis ited the Uvs Province General Hospital. The daily calcium intake was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire developed by the International Osteoporosis Foundation. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 330 participants were included, with a mean age of 44.39 ± 3.93 years. Among them, 33% (n=109) were male and 67% (n=221) were female. Regarding knowledge of calcium, 43% of respondents had low knowledge, 22% had moderate knowledge, and 35% had high knowledge. Concerning daily dietary calcium intake, 43% had a very low intake (<500 mg), 19% had inadequate intake (500–1000 mg), and 38% had adequate intake (>1000 mg). Statistically significant associations were found between calcium knowledge level and gender, education level, calcium supplements, and vitamin D usage (p=0.001). No statistically significant difference was observed between daily calcium intake and the level of knowledge regarding calcium (p = 0.131). Conclusion 1. Among the study participants, 43% had a low level of knowledge about calcium, 22% had a moderate level, and 35% had a high level. 2. Regarding daily dietary calcium intake, 43% of participants had a very low intake, 19% had an insufficient intake, and 38% had an adequate intake. 3. Factors such as gender, educational level, and the use of calcium supplements and vitamin D were found to influ ence the participants’ level of knowledge about calcium. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a broader evaluation of calcium intake among the general population, accurately determine calcium consumption, and develop health education programs and recommendations.

Background: Globally, approximately 684,000 deaths occur annually due to falls. In Mongolia, 47 individual aged between 45 and 85 have died as a result of falls. Therefore, there is a pressing need to assess fall risks among the general population in Mongolia and identify risk factors to prevent accidents and injuries. Aim: To assess the risk of falls among individuals aged 45 years and older who are receiving care at tertiary-level referral hospitals in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 408 participants aged 45 years and above who were attending tertiary-level hospitals in Ulaanbaatar. Fall risk was assessed using the internationally recognized Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: The mean age of the participants was 59.24±6.54 years; 40% were male and 60% were female. Among the participants, 45.3% (n=185) were categorized as low risk, 33.6% (n=137) as moderate risk, and 21.1% (n=86) as high risk for falls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors associated with falls. Key factors included: slippery shoe soles (OR=0.226, 95% CI: 0.119–0.428, p=0.001), performing unexpected hazardous movements while changing positions (OR=0.262, 95% CI: 0.143–0.480, p=0.001), use of assistive walking devices (OR=0.209, 95% CI: 0.110–0.397, p=0.001), anxiety or unstable mental status (OR=0.276, 95% CI: 0.148–0.514, p=0.001), tendency to resist instructions or behave stubbornly (OR=0.330, 95% CI: 0.183–0.596, p=0.001), difficulty in recognizing the surrounding environment (OR=0.354, 95% CI: 0.187–0.671, p=0.001), and a history of previous falls (OR=4.737, 95% CI: 2.151–10.429). Conclusion 1. Based on the FRAT assesment, 45.3% of participants had low fall risk, 33.6% moderate risk, and 21.1% high risk. 2. Risk factors such as sudden movements, the use of assistive devices, and emotional instability significantly influ ence fall risk assessment, and individuals with a history of previous falls are 4.7 times more likely to experience another fall.