Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder characterized by the abnormal expansion and accumulation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow in association with production of monoclonal immunoglobulin and its fragment (as protein), and MM remains an incurable disease. Recently extramedullary relapse of MM is more frequent especially in patients treated with stem cell transplantation and/or novel drugs. This review focuses the incidence of extramedullary relapse in MM, mechanisms involved in extramedullary myeloma spread, tumor characteristics at extramedullary sites as well as prognosis and response to therapy.
Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology ; Recurrence

Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology

Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis

Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Lung ; pathology ; Multiple Myeloma ; diagnosis ; pathology

Bone Diseases ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology ; therapy

M protein is often expressed in multiple myeloma and also can be detected in several lymphoma such as Waldenstrm macroglobulinaemia. M protein level can reflect the malignant degree and even genetic abnormality of multiple myeloma and lymphoma to some extent to predict the progress of the diseases, and the therapeutic response and prognosis of the disease can be evaluated by monitoring the M protein level and its change degree. This article reviews the role of M protein in the progression and prognosis of multiple myeloma and lymphoma, and discusses the differences in M protein expression between multiple myeloma and lymphoma, in order to provide new insights for clinical diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of therapeutic effect.
Humans ; Lymphoma ; Multiple Myeloma/pathology* ; Prognosis ; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/pathology*

Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common disease with various prognoses. Accurate prognosis judgement is of great significance for clinical treatment. In this review, summarized most recent progress on evaluating index of this disease from aspects of age, tumor load, cytogenetic disturbance, serological analysis, CD antigens, non-invasive physical examinations, staging system and so on were summarized in order to provide new information on treatment and prognosis evaluation of this disease.
Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy characterized by enhanced bone loss that commonly associated with diffuse osteopenia, focal lytic lesions, pathologic fractures, and bone pain. The key mechanism of bone damage in myeloma is the abnormal regulation in bone metastasis, with increased osteoclast function and decreased osteoblast activity. This article reviewed the factors implicated, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), SDF-1 and Wnt pathway. Further understanding of the regulation system of bone homeostasis helps to offer possible targets for future therapy.
Bone Diseases ; etiology ; Bone and Bones ; pathology ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; pathology ; Osteoblasts ; pathology ; Osteoclasts ; pathology

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of terminally differentiated monoclonal B cells, which is characterized by the presentation of malignant plasma cell within the bone marrow and the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulin. Extramedullary disease (EMD) may be found either at diagnosis or during therapy of these patients. For the patients with EMD, the response to conventional chemotherapy is poor and the prognosis is unfavorable. This review mainly discusses the research progress in the pathogenesis, the clinical feature, the therapy and the prognosis of MM with EMD.
Bone Marrow ; pathology ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology ; Plasma Cells ; pathology ; Prognosis