Introduction: Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death under the category of infectious diseases, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) constitutes about 5% of all extrapulmonary disease worldwide. This report describes a case of Tuberculous meningitis with rare presentation in a 28-year-old woman, who was treated based on a collection of her social background, clinical findings and Multiplex PCR of tuberculosis. Case presentation: A 28-year-old Malay woman with no significant medical history presented to HUSM with one month history of on and off fever, two weeks history of generalised limbs weakness and one week history of dysphagia. She was reported to have experienced visual hallucination and significant weight loss. Her laboratory result is significant for leukocytosis, elevated ESR and hypernatremia. Non-enhanced and contrast CT scan of the brain showed severe bilateral frontal cerebral atrophy. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) for multiplex PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was positive. She was promptly started on anti-TB regime combined with dexamethasone. Subsequent follow-up showed significant improvement. Conclusion: This is a rare clinical manifestation of Tuberculous meningitis that demonstrates the importance of recognising and initiating the treatment early to reduce disabilities and improve clinical outcome.

Background: The recent epidemic of dengue fever (DF) in Malaysia was alarming. The treatment of DF remains supportive as there is no anti-viral agent or vaccine available as yet. Traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) provides an alternative option for the treatment of DF but there is limited evidence with regard to its usage. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, types and predictor factors of T&CM usage among DF patients in the northeast region of Peninsular Malaysia. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of DF patients in the northeast region of Peninsular Malaysia who had been admitted to a tertiary centre from January 2014 until December 2015. Serologically-confirmed DF patients aged 18 years and above were randomly selected. Phone interviews were conducted to obtain information regarding the use of T&CM during hospitalisation. Notes were made regarding the prevalence and type of T&CM used. Binary logistic regressions were used to identify the predictor factors of T&CM usage. Results: A total of 241 DF patients with a mean age of 36.62 (SD = 14.62) years were included. The estimated prevalence of T&CM usage was 84.6% (95%CI: 80.1%, 89.2%). The most common T&CM used were crab soup (85.3%), papaya leaf extract (64.2%) and isotonic drinks (61.8%). The significant predictors for T&CM usage were age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.97; 95%CI: 0.94, 0.99], tertiary education (AOR 3.86; 95%CI: 1.21, 12.32) and unemployment (AOR 2.55; 95%CI: 1.02, 6.42). Conclusion: The prevalence of T&CM usage in our population is high. Age, tertiary education and unemployment influence the use of T&CM.

The flood disaster in Kelantan in 2014 had resulted in substantial health implications including increased cases of communicable diseases. There was a lack of community preparedness including customized health educations in the prevention and control of flood-related communicable diseases in the affected areas. The research was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based health education modules on flood-related communicable diseases among communities in Kelantan. Health education modules focusing on major food-related diseases were developed. A non-randomized community-controlled trial using the modules were conducted. Outcomes were assessed on knowledge, attitude and preventive practice scores to flood-related communicable diseases using a pre-validated questionnaire. Independent t test was used to compare mean scores between the intervention community (Tumpat) and the control community (Bachok) at 1-month post intervention. One-way independent ANOVA test was done to compare score differences at baseline (pre), post 1-month and post 2-month from repeated surveys among random samples within the intervention community. There were significant improvements in all knowledge components from 9.4% to 52.6% with 10% increment in attitude scores toward preventing behaviours on flood-related communicable diseases. When compared against the control community at one-month post-intervention, there were significantly higher knowledge on types of diseases, symptoms and risk factors as well as practice scores of drinking safe water and protective habits. This research demonstrated that community-based health education is effective in improving relevant knowledge, attitude and preventive practices among affected communities as part of their preparedness toward communicable diseases related to flood.

Reduced susceptibility in Burkholderia pseudomallei during carbapenem therapy may lead to treatment failure. We isolated a clinical strain that had developed reduced susceptibility to carbapenems while on treatment. After reviewing the patient’s clinical notes, the initial isolate (BUPS01/14) was exposed to carbapenem in vitro to mimic the clinical scenario. The stability of susceptibility of the carbapenem-exposed strain (BUPS01/14R) was examined by serial subculture in antibiotic-free broth. Biochemical and morphological comparison was performed by the VITEK® system and electron microscopy. MICs increased 32-fold following carbapenem exposure and became stable in the antibiotic-free environment. On electron microscopic examination, the BUPS01/14R cells were smoother and less wrinkled compared to BUPS01/14 cells. This report highlights a potential anti-melioidosis treatment failure due to the emergence of resistance while on carbapenem monotherapy. Further study of this strain is necessary to understand the mechanism of resistance at a molecular level.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Vibrio cholerae non-O1/ non-O139 is a rare phenomenon. V. cholerae is known as a common aetiology of epidemic diarrheal disease and rarely causes extra-gastrointestinal infections. In this report, a 52-year-old man presented to our hospital with a clinical scenario for chronic liver cirrhosis with low grade fever and loose stools. V. cholerae was isolated from peritoneal fluid culture, which was further confirmed as non-O1/ non-O139 strain by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The patient was successfully treated with antimicrobial therapy and peritoneal drainage. This case represents the first isolation of V. cholerae non-O1/ non-O139 strain from peritoneal fluid.