Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is angiogenic and effective in down-regulating excess collagen production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin E (Tocotrienol Rich Fraction) in altering the level of bFGF, a cytokine involved in the scar formation process. In this model, normal human fibroblasts were treated with various concentrations of vitamin E at different time frames. The levels of bFGF were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). This study demonstrated that Tocotrienol Rich Fraction (TRF) stimulated bFGF production by fibroblast and postulate that vitamin E may decrease aberrant scar formation.

Objective Diclofeanc as probe drug to investigate the influence of Shenkang injection on the activity of CYP2C9 enzyme in rats.Methods A total of 24 SD male rats were randomly divided into control group (0.9％ NaCl),low dose (6.7 mL · kg-1),middle dose (13.3 mL· kg-1),high dose (26.6 mL · kg-1) Shenkang injection group,each group 6 rats.The relevant injection was administered by intraperitoneal injection,twice a day for 7 d.On the eighth day before collected the blood plasma samples each group were given relevant injection and all rats were injected with diclofenac (15 mg · kg-1,iv) 1 h after last administration.The orbital blood samples were collected before and 5,15,30,45 min and 1,1.5,2,3,4,6,8,10,12,24 h after diclofenac administration through femoral venous.A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was established to characterize and validate for the determination of plasma concentration of diclofenac and 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac in rats.Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with WinNolin 6.1 pharmacokinetic software.Results The area under the concen-tration-time curve (AUC0-24 h) of diclofenac in control group,low,middle and high-dose Shenkang injection group were (21.12±2.88),(25.13 ±8.13),(31.11 ± 11.19),(32.32 ±6.18) mg · h · L-1(P ＞0.05).The AUC0→24h of 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac were (9.79 ±1.12),(7.84 ±2.67),(9.97 ±3.85),(10.39 ±3.38)mg · h · L-1 (P＞0.05).The t1/2 of diclofenac in control group,low,middle and high-dose Shenkang injection group were (6.21 ± 1.78),(7.46 ±2.20),(6.40 ± 1.50),(6.13 ±2.19) h(P ＞0.05).The t1/2 of 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac in control group,low,middle and high-dose Shenkang injection group were (11.53 ±4.31),(30.85 ± 10.52),(23.29 ± 13.09),(22.53 ± 10.95)h(P ＞0.05).There was no statistical significant difference in other pharmacokinetic parameters (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Consecutive administration of Shenkang injection may not have an effect on the pharmacokinetic of diclofenac and 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac of typical probe substrates of CYP2C9 in rats.The present study would provide some reference on Shenkang injection have no influence on CYP2C9.

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.