The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and causes of visually impairment among children below 4 years old in two public tertiary referral hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, the case files of all children aged below 4 years from the ophthalmology clinics in two separate public hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia were analysed over a 5-year period. The definition of visual impairment was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, i.e. moderate visual impairment: visual acuity <6/18 to 6/60 in the better eye; severe visual impairment: <6/60 to 3/60 in the better eye; and blindness: visual acuity <3/60 in the better eye. Prevalence of visual impairment was based on the presenting visual acuity and then differentiated according to the cause of visual impairment diagnosed. A total of 243 (17.38%) children from a total of 1,398 children were classified as visually impaired. Most of these children (n=119, 49.0%) exhibited moderate visual impairment, 26 (10.7%) had severe visual impairment, while 98 (40.3%) were blind. Refractive errors (n=60, 24.7%) were the most common cause of vision impairment, mostly myopes (n=28, 46.7 %). This was followed by strabismus (n=31, 12.8%) and retinopathy of prematurity (n=29, 11.9%). In conclusion, vision impairment was prevalent in children aged below 4 years old presenting to two ophthalmology clinics in a highly urbanised region in Malaysia. High refractive errors were the major cause of vision impairment seen. Our study highlights the need and utmost importance of an early intervention programme to be implemented for these children since the main cause of vision impairment found in this study is an easily treated problem.
visual impairment ; prevalence ; children ; blindness

Introduction: Microbial keratitis (MK) is an important cause for corneal blindness and understanding its risk factors enable us to improve management and minimise its complications. Methods: In this retrospective case review, medical records of all patients treated for MK from 2006 to 2013 was analysed to know the socio-demography, preceding risk factors, clinical characteristics, causative organisms and final visual outcome. Results: A total of 174 patients (180 eyes) were included in this study. Identifiable ocular risk factors included contact lens (CL) usage (85, 47.2%), ocular trauma (50, 27.8%), ocular surface disease (21, 11.6%), steroid use (6, 3.3%) and immuno-compromy (19, 10.5%). Association factors for presenting uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) were age group (p=0.013), size (p<0.001), location (p<0.001) and hypopyon (p<0.001). The predictors for final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) were age group (p<0.001), nationality (p=0.020), occupation (p<0.001), CL use (p<0.001), ocular surface disease (p=0.048), size (p<0.001) and location (p<0.044), hospitalisation duration (p=0.002) and presenting UCVA (p<0.001). Conclusions: Contact lens was the most frequent predisposing risk factor for microbial keratitis, followed by ocular trauma. Understanding the association factors for presenting vision and predictors for final vision may help in the patients’ management and improve eventual outcome of microbial keratitis.

This paper investigate the effect of parents’ education background and family monthly income on the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of students with special needs in Kelantan, Malaysia. This cross-sectional method study was employed multistage random sampling to obtain information drawn from 130 participants from 10 selected school in Kelantan, Malaysia. Questionnaire was used to obtain parents’ education background, family monthly income and demographic variables. Students IQ were assessed using Comprehensive Test for Non-Verbal Intelligence (CTONI 2nd Edition). Data analysis involve independent sample t-test, one-way between group ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression. From analysis of IQ score, 63.8% of the special needs students scored very poor IQ, 12.3% scored below average and only 1.5% score average IQ. Significant mean difference were revealed between age group (p = 0.002), parents’ education (p = 0.018) and family monthly income (p < 0.05) on special needs students IQ. Post-hoc tukey shows significance between parents who never went to school, went to secondary school (p = 0.037) and university/college (p = 0.021). In term of family monthly income, significance difference were found between family with low and high monthly income (p < 0.05). Family monthly income (r = 0.393, p < 0.01) showed positive moderate correlation on special needs students IQ. After being forwarded by multiple linear regression, it was found that family monthly income (B = 3.605, p < 0.05) and age group of special needs students (B = 0.879, p = 0.002) were significant predictor for IQ score and explained 22.5% of the variance (R2 = 0.225, F (5,124) = 83.94, p < 0.05. Overally, majority of special needs students in current study have very poor IQ score. Further explanation are discussed on the paper.

Background: Caregivers of children with learning disabilities have been shown to experience increased stress and greater negative caregiving consequences than those with typically developing children. There remains a lack of studies focusing on stress and coping mechanisms among caregivers of a wider age group and diagnosis of individuals with disabilities in Asian countries. The current study examines levels of perceived stress and associated child and caregiver factors among caregivers of children with learning disabilities in the Malaysian context. An additional aim was to determine whether caregiver coping styles may be predictors of perceived stress. Methods: The Malay version of the Perceived Stress Scale with 10 items and the Brief COPE Scale were administered to a sample of 190 Malay caregivers of children with learning disabilities registered with community-based rehabilitation centres in Kelantan, a state in Peninsular Malaysia. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to determine the predictors of perceived stress. Results: The mean total perceived stress score of caregivers was 16.96 (SD = 4.66). The most frequently used coping styles found among caregivers included religion, acceptance and positive reframing, while substance use and behavioural disengagement were least frequently used. Higher perceived stress was significantly predicted among caregivers with fewer children, frequent use of instrumental support and behavioural disengagement coping, and lack of emotional support and religious coping. Conclusion: Findings indicate that the perceived stress levels among caregivers were significantly predicted by different coping styles. It is vital to help the caregivers improve their good coping styles in order to reduce their stress levels.

Parents or caregivers of children with learning disabilities have been shown to experience increases in stress and greater negative caregiving consequences than those with typically developing children. The current study sought to assess the perceived stress among Malay caregivers of children with learning disabilities in Kelantan. The Malay version of Perceived Stress Scale 10 items was administered to a sample of 40 caregivers of children with learning disabilities who were registered to five Pusat Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti (PDK) in Kelantan. Higher scores indicate higher levels of stress. The caregivers had mean age of 47.68 (SD = 9.18) years old, of whom 90% were fathers or mothers. Ninety percent of them were married, majority were unemployed or housewives and had secondary school education. The majority of children with learning disabilities were males and half of them were Down Syndrome children. The mean total Perceived Stress Scale score of the caregivers was 16.77 (SD = 5.74). There were no significant associations between total perceived stress score and any of the independent variables. The mean total perceived stress score showed that the perceived stress level was in the category of slightly higher than average and health concern level was high, while the average stress level was between score of 12 to 15. In conclusion, this result indicated that the caregivers had slightly higher levels of stress than the average score, and might increase susceptibility to stress-induced illness.
Stress ; Caregivers

Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) are two important species of blow flies that could be utilised as indicators to estimate the Post Mortem Interval (PMI) of corpses in forensic science. Determination of PMI of corpses is based on the larva size and its development stages. Development studies of eggs, larvae and pupae of Ch. megacephala and Ch. rufifacies at 27ºC, 30ºC and 33ºC were carried out using an insect growth chamber. Data from these studies were used to construct growth curves and Accumulated Degree Hours (ADH) for both species. Ch. megacephala needs 9.15 days to complete one life cycle at 27ºC, 8.54 days at 30ºC and 6.76 days at 33ºC. Development for Ch. rufifacies is slower than Ch. megacephala and takes 9.92 day at 27ºC, 9.13 days at 30ºC and 7.44 days at 33ºC. Eggs of the two species hatch faster at 33ºC compared to the two other temperatures. Low value of ADH shows shorter life cycle of that particular species. This study’s findings are useful in estimating PMI of the corpses found under various environmental temperatures.

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and causes of visually impairment among children below 4 years old in two public tertiary referral hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, the case files of all children aged below 4 years from the ophthalmology clinics in two separate public hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia were analysed over a 5-year period. The definition of visual impairment was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, i.e. moderate visual impairment: visual acuity <6/18 to 6/60 in the better eye; severe visual impairment: <6/60 to 3/60 in the better eye; and blindness: visual acuity <3/60 in the better eye. Prevalence of visual impairment was based on the presenting visual acuity and then differentiated according to the cause of visual impairment diagnosed. A total of 243 (17.38%) children from a total of 1,398 children were classified as visually impaired. Most of these children (n=119, 49.0%) exhibited moderate visual impairment, 26 (10.7%) had severe visual impairment, while 98 (40.3%) were blind. Refractive errors (n=60, 24.7%) were the most common cause of vision impairment, mostly myopes (n=28, 46.7 %). This was followed by strabismus (n=31, 12.8%) and retinopathy of prematurity (n=29, 11.9%). In conclusion, vision impairment was prevalent in children aged below 4 years old presenting to two ophthalmology clinics in a highly urbanised region in Malaysia. High refractive errors were the major cause of vision impairment seen. Our study highlights the need and utmost importance of an early intervention programme to be implemented for these children since the main cause of vision impairment found in this study is an easily treated problem.

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, can cause cryptosporidiosis which is a gastrointestinal disease that can infect humans and livestock. Cattle are the most common livestock that can be infected with this protozoan. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia and to find out the association between the occurrence of infection and 3 different ages of cattle (calves less than 1 year, yearling, and adult cattle). The samples were processed by using formol-ether concentration technique and stained by modified Ziehl Neelsen. The results showed that 15.9% (24/151) of cattle were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium in calves less than 1 year was the highest with the percentage of 20.0% (11/55) followed by yearling and adult cattle, with the percentage occurrence of 15.6 % (7/45) and 11.8% (6/51), respectively. There was no significant association between the occurrence and age of cattle and presence of diarrhea. Good management practices and proper hygiene management must be taken in order to reduce the infection. It is highly important to control the infection since infected cattle may serve as potential reservoirs of the infection to other animals and humans, especially animal handlers.
Adult ; Animals ; Cattle* ; Cryptosporidiosis ; Cryptosporidium* ; Diarrhea ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Livestock ; Malaysia* ; Oocysts ; Parasites ; Prevalence

Introduction: Venepuncture procedure is painful and anxiety associated with venepuncture is common. There are many tools for assessing anxiety levels in an outpatient setting. Hence, this study is to compare the degree of agreement between State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for measuring anxiety levels among adult patients before venepuncture procedure. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among patients while waiting for a venepuncture procedure in the Phlebotomy Unit, UiTMMC in April 2020. The Malay-validated version of the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to assess the anxiety level. Differences between sets of data were plotted as described by Bland-Altman to determine the agreement between these two assessment tools. Results: A total of 330 patients participated in the study with a mean age of 46.34 ± 14.34 years old and gender was equally distributed. The scores of state-anxiety (STAI-S), trait-anxiety (STAI-T) and BAI score were 30.04 ± 20.74; 29.51 ± 19.11; and 40.98 ± 20.45, respectively. The score of anxiety using BAI was higher compared to STAI-S (p<0.001) and STAI-T (p<0.001). The mean difference between the STAI-S and BAI was -10.94 (95%CI: -53.01, 26.87) and between the STAI-T and BAI was -11.47 (95%CI: -42.26, 19.32). However, very few patients’ scores outside the 95% LOA for both differences. Conclusion: The STAI and BAI are concordances in measuring anxiety levels among these patients. However, the anxiety score using BAI was higher than STAI. Thus, both assessment tools can be used in clinical practice in measuring anxiety in the out-patients setting.

Exoskeletons are wearable devices that can enhance human strength and are used in various fields, such as healthcare and the manufacturing industry. However, poorly designed exoskeletons can strain the muscles and cause injuries to users. The objectives of this review paper are to review the ergonomics factors that contribute to a harmonious user-exoskeleton interaction and to explore the current trends, challenges, and future directions for developing ergonomically designed exoskeletons. In this review, 102 relevant papers published from 2015 to 2023 were retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. These papers were considered in the analysis for gathering relevant information on the topic. The authors identified six ergonomics factors, namely kinematic compatibility, contact pressure, postural control, metabolic cost, cognitive workload, as well as task demands and workplace conditions, that can influence the interaction between users and exoskeletons. By understanding and addressing these ergonomics factors during the design and development process, exoskeleton designers can enhance the user experience and adoption of the devices in daily living activities and industrial applications.