Objective: In the present study an attempt has been made to study the antihepatotoxic activity of active compounds in this plant through in silico methods. Methods: We have taken 12 compounds form this plant. All the compounds were further subjected to molecular propertied prediction and drug likeness by Molinspiration and found in compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five. Biochemical parameters like SGOT and SGPT were determined by Reitman and Frankel, ALP by Kind and King, TP by reported methods of Wooton. Results: All the compounds were showed expected similar bioactivity especially in case of enzyme inhibition. Compound Vulgarin showed no violation with good drug likeness score and biological activity as compare to standard drug Silibinin. Vulgarin exhibited a significant antihepatotoxic activity by reducing the elevated levels of serum enzymes such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) serum glutamate pyruvate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) while the total protein (TP) levels were increased when compared with standard drug silymarin against CCl4-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. These biochemical observations were also supplemented by histopathological examinations of the liver sections. Conclusions: We found that Vulgarin one of the twelve compounds is showed better drug likeness and biological activity against Silibinin. So this particular compound can be taken as lead compound for further drug discovery for hepatotoxic activity.

Over the years, rural dwellers have suffered from the unequal distribution of basic facilities when compared to the urban dwellers. This has resulted in situations where their health have been compromised and thus their productive capacity. This paper using a Multilevel Analysis examines these social determinants of health status and wellbeing of rural farmers in North-central, Nigeria. Analytical tools employed include the descriptive statistics and the multivariate multilevel model. The result of the analysis showed that the income, years of schooling, living condition, frequency of physical exercise, alcohol consumption and smoking habit were some of the factors significantly influencing the health status and wellbeing of rural farmers in the study area. Others include exposure to tobacco smoke, access to improved toilet facilities, proper solid waste management and distance to potable water. It also revealed that community level co-variation between health status and wellbeing was stronger than at the individual level. Therefore, it was recommended that efforts should be made by government to provide rural areas with basic potable water sources. The rural dwellers should also be enlightened on the basics of good sanitation and hygiene. This will help reduce diseases and deaths from water-related infections and poor hygiene. Furthermore, laws should be put in place to prohibit smoking of tobacco products in public places. All these will reduce the incidence of disease conditions thereby resulting in a healthier workforce that can thus work together with the government towards the achievement of the sustainable development goals.​

Signet ring cell adenocarcinomas may be encountered in various parts of gastrointestinal tract but are almost unheard of in the region of ampulla of vater. In the region of ampulla of vater even if we come across an adenocarcinoma, it is usually a well differentiated variant. A 56-year-old female with features of obstructive jaundice on evaluation was diagnosed to have a peri-ampullary carcinoma.The patient was subjected to a laparotomy. On exploration patient was found to have a malrotation of gut. Patient was subjected to a pylorus preserving pancreatico-duodenectomy. Histopathology of the resected specimen revealed a signet ring morphology which is a rare variant in periampullary region.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell

A combined cartilage holder and crusher is described that allows the surgeon to hold, crush, morselize, and suture a single piece or stack of cartilage graft without letting it slip. The customized slit-shaped jaws allow adequate room for the suture needle, while the serrated surfaces hold the cartilage firmly. The use of this instrument is advocated primarily in rhinoplasty for manipulating and suturing a small cartilage graft or a stack of grafts. The use of this instrument may be extended to aesthetic or reconstructive cases where cartilage grafts need to be sutured or shaped, as in eyelid, ear, and nipple reconstruction.
Cartilage ; Ear ; Eyelids ; Jaw ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Needles ; Nipples ; Rhinoplasty ; Sutures ; Transplants

Background:Anemia is a common public health problem throughout the globe with its main effect not only on health of people but also impact on socioeconomic development.A high prevalence of anemia among school children is an indication of a severe problem highlighting the necessity of proper action to prevent further de-terioration.This study sought to study the impact of nutritional education on knowledge,attitude,and practice regarding anemia among school children.Methods:This is an interventional study among school children of Kendriye Vidyalaya,No.2 Belgaum district,India.Structured and self-administered questionnaires were used to know the knowledge,attitude and practice of student anemia.The data were analyzed using paired t-test and McNemar test.Results:There was significant increment in the mean knowledge and attitude scores of the school children at the post-test evaluation.Overall increase of 51.2％in mean score of knowledge and overall increase of 20.7％in mean score of attitudes was found(P＜0.05).Increase in frequency of consumption pattern of iron rich foods especially ragi,jaggery,green leafy vegetables and sprouted grains was reported.Conclusion:The nutritional education resulted in improvement of knowledge and change in attitude regarding anemia as well as increase in consumption of foods rich in Iron.Therefore,nutritional education is one of the cost-effective and sustainable method for lowering the cases of anemia.

Unconventional and 'non-lethal' weapons are being used in crowd control regularly nowadays. The use of these arms is not risk-free. The paramilitary forces in 2010 used the old fashioned slingshots for crowd control in Kashmir. A young male suffered from a fracture of the distal humerus due to a marble from a slingshot. He was managed by debridement and plaster splintage. Use of apparently innocuous weapons for crowd control is not without risk, as the projectiles fired from them can achieve high velocities and cause significant damage.
Elbow Joint ; Fractures, Bone ; Humans ; Humerus

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) comprises the normal flora of the female urogenital tract and can be transferred to neonates during delivery, causing invasive diseases.This study was performed to investigate the colonization rate, antibiotic susceptibility, and serotype of GBS among Saudi pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, vagino-rectal swabs from 400 pregnant women were collected over a period of one year. Identification of GBS isolates and determination of their antibiotic susceptibility were performed using the Microscan Walk Away system. The isolates were then typed using both latex agglutination and capsular genebased multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: Sixty (15.0%) subjects were colonized by GBS, with serotype Ia as the dominant type (30.0%) followed by serotype III and V (25.0%, each). Only 43 (71.7%) isolates were typed by latex agglutination, whereas the remaining isolates were not typable or were non-specifically typed as compared to the genotyping assay, which revealed the specific type of each GBS isolate. The highest resistance rates were observed for erythromycin and clindamycin (16.7%, each), which were mainly restricted to the prevalent serotypes. Conclusion This study is the first to report the distribution of GBS serotypes based on molecular genotyping in Saudi Arabia. GBS colonization was evident among pregnant women, and resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was predominant among serotypes Ia, III, and V. Molecular genotyping using capsular gene-based multiplex PCR provided reliable typing of the investigated GBS isolates in terms of sensitivity and specificity as compared to conventional serotyping using latex agglutination.

Objective To evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of sinigrin using in vitro, in silico and in vivo streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic zebrafish model. Methods The in vitro enzyme inhibition assay was carried out to determine the IC

The methanolic extract obtained from the root portion of Caltha palustris var. alba was evaluated for its anthelmintic efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep under both in vitro and in vivo conditions using worm motility inhibition (WMI) assay and fecal egg count reduction (FECR) assay, respectively. The extract was subjected to antimicrobial activity using agar-well diffusion method against different bacterial strains. In addition the extract was evaluated for cytotoxic and antioxidant activity against cultured THP-1(Leukemia), A-549 (Lung), HCT-15 (Colon), Cervix (HeLa) and PC-3(Prostrate) cell lines by SRB and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The extract used resulted in mean %WMI of 94.44%, as observed when the worms were put in lukewarm buffer for 30 min after exposure to different treatments. The mean mortality index of the sample was 0.95. The lethal concentration (LC50) was 0.11 mg·mL(-1). Cell lines were exposed to concentration of 100 μg·mL(-1) of extract for 48 h, which reduced the viability of these cell lines. The same plant extract also showed 55.58% DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Animals ; Anthelmintics ; pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; Biphenyl Compounds ; metabolism ; Feces ; parasitology ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; parasitology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Nematoda ; drug effects ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Phytotherapy ; Picrates ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Ranunculaceae ; Sheep ; parasitology

Objectives: To detect Leishmania species in human patients, animal reservoirs and Phlebotomus sandflies in Waziristan, Pakistan. Methods: Tissue smears and aspirates from 448 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) suspected patients were analyzed. To sort out role of the reservoir hosts, skin scrapings, spleen and liver samples from 104 rodents were collected. Furthermore, buffy coat samples were obtained from 60 domestic animals. Sandflies were also trapped. All human, animals and sandfly samples were tested by microscopy, kinetoplastic PCR and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism for detection of Leishmania species. Results: An overall prevalence of 3.83% and 5.21% through microscopy and ITS1 PCR respectively was found. However, the statistically non-significant correlation was found between area, gender, and number of lesions. The presence of rodents, sandflies, domestic animals and internally displaced people increased the risk of CL. Using ITS1-PCR-RFLP, Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) was confirmed in 106 samples while 25 of the isolates were diagnosed as Leishmania major (L. major). Similarly, 3/104 rodents were positive for L. major and 14 pools of DNA samples containing Phlebotomus sergenti sandflies were positive for L. tropica. None of samples from domestic animals were positive for leishmaniasis. Conclusions: In the present study, L. tropica and L. major are found to be the main causative agents of CL in study area. Movement of internally displaced people from CL endemic areas presents a risk for nearby CL free areas. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time L. major infection in rodents (Rattus rattus) and L. tropica in Phlebotomus sergenti sandflies trapped in Waziristan, Pakistan.