Study on 216 patients of drug addicts were treated by electro accupuncture shown that: the majority of drug addicts were 21 to 40 years old. It was rare for man become addicts at the age of under 20 and over 40. Incidence of addicts in cities was higher than those in countries side. Jobless person was easy to become drug addicts. Heavy addicts and moderate one were taking drug with sniffing and injection. The drug addicts were treated by electro acupuncture, and results as follow: A level (very good) taken up 92.6%, B level (good) taken up 7.4%. Symptoms of withdrawal syndrom after 4 days and 8 days in duration of treatment remarkably reduced (p<0.01). After treatment, content of beta - endorphinemia statistically increased (p<0.01) in compare with before treatment.
Electroacupuncture ; Therapeutics ; Morphine Dependence

Subject: to evaluate the effect of cedemex on symptoms of withdrawal syndrome such as jumping time, body weight at lack of morphine. Animals: 50 morphine-addicted white house mice. The results: with appropriate dose, cedemex decreased clearly mouse’s jumping time, prevented effectively the reduction of body weight in mice lacking of morphine. The drug could decrease completely the symptoms of withdrawal syndrome in mice. It is remarkable that, with very high dose, cedemex could affect to digestive function of mice, decreased body weight on the first time, after that recovered but slower than those with medium dose
Morphine Dependence ; Mice ; Therapeutics

An analysis of 43 cases of pseudoaneurysm due to drug injection treated in Viet Duc hospital during 1995-1997 has shown that this complication was increasingly and 100% addicts were at working ages. It was easy to diagnose but it was difficult to treat because of severe infection and negative collaboration from patients and their families. The surgery involved the vascular ligation
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; complications ; Morphine Dependence

At Viet Duc Hospital from 1998 to 1999, 50 HIV(+) intravenous drug users, aged in average 26,4 were investigated. Anti HCV serum (+) in 62%, HCV Co-infected 30% and HBV 46%, co- infected with only HBV 16%, HIV, HBV, HCV 3 viruses co- infected 32%. The co- infected incidence was 50% in the year 1998 and 66% in 1999; 22% had not HBV and HCV co- infection. HBV and HCV co-infection characteristies: hiver cell degradation in 46,65% of HIV + HCV+ HBV co- infected; 68,75% in HIV+ HCV co- infection; 87,5% in HIV+ HBV co- infection. There were no much difference in term of the number of lymphocyte and monocyte between patients of 3 virus- infection, 2 virus infection and only HIV infection
HIV ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepacivirus ; Morphine Dependence

Naltrexone in combining with the counselling, the familial intervention, the behaviorial management… was used at the Institute of Mental Health. After 1 month, the default had got 8.16%, after 3 months 14.28%. In all cases of normal SGOT, SGPT level before the treatment had got no change in the course of treatment, but in cases of increased enzyme levels before the treatment, they were abnormally changed. Urine test was (+) with narcotic drugs after 1 month 44%, 2 months 32.14%, 3 months 34.14%, 4 months 43.75%, 5 months 28%, 6 months 22.5%. A majority of addictive subjects did not believe on the clearing of heroine effect by naltrexone and some had got no correct motivation for the treatment. Criminal beheavior contrainted in the family was eliminated entirely after 1 to 2 months treatment. High risk beheavior among intravenous drug users, unsafe sexual activities were ceased after 1 month treatment. No HIV(+) patient was detected after 6 months treatment.
Analgesics, Opioid ; Therapeutics ; Morphine Dependence ; Naltrexone

BACKGROUNDOpiate addiction remains intractable in a large percentage of patients, and relapse is the biggest hurdle to recovery. Many studies have identified a central role of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in addiction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has the advantages of being reversible, adjustable, and minimally invasive, and it has become a potential neurobiological intervention for addiction. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether high-frequency DBS in the NAc effectively attenuates the reinstatement of morphine seeking in morphine-primed rats.

METHODSA morphine-dependent group of rats was given increasing doses of morphine during conditioned place preference training. A control group of rats was given equal volumes of saline. After the establishment of this model, withdrawal syndromes were precipitated in these two groups by administering naloxone, and the differences in withdrawal symptoms between the groups were analyzed. Electrodes for DBS were implanted in the bilateral shell of the NAc in the experimental group. The rats were stimulated daily in the NAc for 5 hours per day over 30 days. Changes in the conditioned place preference test and withdrawal symptoms in the rats were investigated and place navigation studies were performed using the Morris water maze. The data were assessed statistically with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's tests for multiple post hoc comparisons.

RESULTSHigh-frequency stimulation of the bilateral NAc prevented the morphine-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking in the conditioned place preference test. The time spent in the white compartment by rats following 30 days of DBS ((268.25 ± 25.07) seconds) was not significantly different compared with the time spent in the white compartment after relapse was induced by morphine administration ((303.29 ± 34.22) seconds). High-frequency stimulation of the bilateral NAc accelerated the innate decay of drug craving in morphine-dependent rats without significantly influencing learning and memory.

CONCLUSIONBilateral high-frequency stimulation of the shell of the NAc may be useful as a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of severe morphine addiction.

Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Male ; Morphine ; toxicity ; Morphine Dependence ; therapy ; Nucleus Accumbens ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVE: To develop a column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of morphine and O6-monoacetylmorphine in urine. METHODS: Urine samples (1.0 ml) were spiked with 1.0 ml borate buffer, after centrifugation, 1.0 ml of supernate were injected directly into an extraction column (YWG C18 33 mm x 5.0 mm, 10 microns). After a washing step with the extraction mobile phase, the retained morphine and O6-monoacetylmorphine were flushed into the analytical column (Lichrospher 100 CN 125 mm x 4.0 mm, 5 microns) with the mobile phase CH3OH-H2O (60:40). The analytical mobile phase is CH3OH-phosphate buffer (pH6.86) (22:78). The UV detector was set at lambda 286 nm. RESULTS: The method shows excellent linearity from 50 to 1,600 ng/ml for morphine and from 100 to 1,600 ng/ml for O6-monoacetylmorphine. The linear correlation coefficients were > 0.999. The relative standard deviations were < 4%. The limits of detection were 40 ng/ml for both morphine and O6-monoacetylmorphine. CONCLUSION The method described is sensitive, rapid, reproducible, and simple.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Heroin Dependence/urine* ; Humans ; Morphine/urine* ; Morphine Derivatives/urine* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

AIMTo observe the effect and mechanism of scopolamine on morphine(Mor)-induced mice dependence.

METHODSThe Mor-dependent mice model was established by intraperitoneal (ip) administered Mor for seven days. Pain threshold, times of jump and hippocampus intracellular free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) were determined by the heat plate test, naloxone (Nal)-precipitated jumping response and flow cytometry, respectively.

RESULTSThe pain threshold of Mor-dependent mice decreased significantly while there was a marked increase in times of jump, the rate of jumping animals and hippocampus [Ca2+]i. Co-administered scopolamine, the pain threshold of Mor-dependent mice increased significantly; the number of jump, the rate of jumping animals and hippocampus [Ca2+]i all decreased significantly.

CONCLUSIONScopolamine could antagonize the Mor-induced mice dependence, which could be related to decreasing the levels of brain intracellular free calcium.

Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Morphine Dependence ; metabolism ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of mophine in organs in cases with morphine poisioning to select ideal organs for immunohistochemical derection. METHODS: Localization and half quantitation of morphine in the brain, the kidney, the heart, and the liver were studied in 8 cases with morphine poisoning by immunohistochemical SP method. RESULTS: Morphine was mainly detected in the cytoplasm of certain parenchymal cells of the organs. The distribution varied greatly with different cases and organs. In the brain and kidney, morphine-positive cells could be easily found. CONCLUSION The kidney and brain may be the ideal organs for sampling in suspected morphine poisoning cases with.
Adult ; Brain/metabolism* ; Female ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney/metabolism* ; Male ; Morphine/poisoning* ; Morphine Dependence/metabolism* ; Tissue Distribution

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between EEG characteristics of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and drug-seeking behavior of rats with morphine dependent place preference under shuttling condition.

METHODSForty rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): morphine PL group, NS PL group, morphine IL group and NS IL group. After embeding the electrode in prelimbic (PL) or infralimbic (IL) cortex of each group by brain stereotaxic operation, the model of morphine dependent conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats was established. The differences of EEG wave percentage in mPFC were telemetered and analyzed when rats shuttled before and after the model.

RESULTSAfter the model, the withdrawal symptoms were evident in morphine PL and IL group, and the activity time and distance in white box were increased obviously. Compared with control group, after the model, the EEG in morphine PL group showed that: when the rats shuttled to white box, 8 wave decreased obviously, P wave increased obviously. When the rats shuttled to black box, brain waves showed opposite changes. The EEG in morphine IL group showed that: when the rats shuttled to white box, a wave increased obviously, P and a wave decreased obviously. When the rats shuttled to black box, the brain wave had no significant differences compared with control group.

CONCLUSIONThe EEG changes are different in PL and IL cortex of morphine CPP rats under shuttling condition, and the EEG changes are also different when rats shuttling to white or black box. There is possibly different mechanism, when different drug-seeking environmental cues caused EEG changes in different regions of mPFC.

Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Electroencephalography ; Morphine Dependence ; physiopathology ; Prefrontal Cortex ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Telemetry