The arterial system of both kidneys in 192 cadavers, 32 adults and 160 children, was studied.It was found that there were 340 sides (88.3%) with a simple renal artery 41 sides (10.7%) withone renal artery, 41 sides (10.7%) with two arteries, and 3 sides (1%) with three arteries. With regard to the height of origin, in 88 cases (58.9%) the right sides had a higher originthan the left, in 33 cases (22.6%) both sides had the same height, and in 29 cases (18.5%) theleft sides had a higher origin than the right. The accessory renal artery appeared in 93 cases (48.5%), of which those occurring on oneside came to 69.9%, and those on two sides 30.1%. This artery branched off from the renal arteryin 48.2%, from the aorta in 26.2%, from the suprarenal artery in 22.7%, and from the secondlumbar artery in 2.8%. This result corresponded with the literatures referred. Concerning to theentrance of this artery, it was found that in most cases it entered from above (76.6%). The othersentered from below in 21.4%, from behind in 1.4%, and from front in 0.6%. The variations of the arterial system were explained and discussed from the developmental(?)oint of view.

The phrenic and accessory phrenic nerves of 180 cadavers of Chinese children were studied.It was found that the highest rate of the accessory phrenic nerve may be up to 73.8%.There is no significant difference between the two sides or the two sexes.The branches of the accessory phrenic nerve vary from 1—4,among which the single branch type is the most common one (76.1%).They have their origin from C_3 to C_(4—6).A few of them may arise from the ansa hypoglossi and supra- scapular nerve.Accessory nerve,therefore,is more related to the brachial plexus rather than the cervical plexus.It was found that there is a close relationship between the origin of the accessory phrenic nerve and its positional and connectional relation with its main trunk.The nerve originated from the brachial plexus and its branches is located at the lateral side of the main trunk and usually forms a lower connection with it.That comes from the cervical plexus and its branches is usually located at the medial side of the main trunk and forms a higher connection (above the subclavian vein,35.9%) with it.The accessory nerve comes from the lower part of the cervical plexus and upper part of the brachial plexux is at first located at the lateral side and,finally,after crossed over anteriorly or posteriorly,joins the medial side of the main trunk (posterior to the subclavian vein, 7.8%).Based upon the number of branches,the phrenic and accessory nerves can be grouped into 5 types.The tirst type that is with the phrenic nerve proper alone,(43.1%) and the second type that is 1 phrenic nerve and 1 accessory phrenic nerve (43.3%) are the standard types in the Chinese.

In the course of dissection the authors revealed several—from 2 to 8—perforating branches in the peroneal artery instead of only 1 as stated in the text-books. These branches,after perforating the interosseous membrane, supplied the extensor muscles of the leg and might form anastomosis with the anterior tibial artery.On the other hand,the anterior tibial artery was also found to send twigs to perforate the interosseous membrane, anastomosing with the peroneal artery or supplying the muscles of the back of the leg. These communications might be explained by the change in the course of the arteries of the leg during embryonic development.Any failure in the disappearance of the horizontal communications between the embryonic longitudinal vessels would result in a feature as found by the authors.