1.Facial Muscles and Its Modiolus: A Review of Embryology, Comparative Anatomy, Morphology and Applied Anatomy
Razif Abas ; Choy Ker Woon ; Aspalilah Alias ; Mohd Amir Kamaruzzaman ; Nor Farid Mohd Noor ; Ahmad Mukifza Harun ; Nurul Huda Mohd Nor
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2021;17(No.4):313-319
The modiolus of the face manifests the interesting landmark for facial muscles attachment. The strong connective
tissue fibres play an important role in the clinical setting, especially in the aesthetic and dental surgeries. In the fourth
week of intrauterine life, the development of the modiolus evolves in accordance with the growth of muscles of facial
expression. Microscopically, a white, tendinous structure with the thick irregular collagenous connective tissue of
collagen fibres predominance appeared to be the modiolus. Modiolus is morphologically a fibromuscular muscle
situated on the lateral border of the mouth. The formation of the nasolabial fold is important and a well-developed
modiolus provide a toned face. Several works of literature forementioned the number of facial muscles attached to
the modiolus but no definitive similarity are identified. This review summarizes the updated morphological features
and applied anatomy of the facial modiolus with its muscle attachment.