Objective To observe characters of sputum of patients with tracheotomy by heat and moisture exchanger(HEM)undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)in multi-person chamber.Methods In randomly block design,239 patients were selected and received HBOT using HEM combined with L-shape tube(group HEM,n=128)and by L-shape tube(group L,n=111)respectively.The characters and volume of sputum,times of sucking sputum and cases of sealing/extubation of tubes were assessed over first and tenth sessions of HBOT.Results The times of sucking and volume of sputum over first session of HBOT in the group HEM were more than those in group L.The sputum was changing from ropiness over first session to tenuity over tenth sesion(P＜0.01).Cases with sealing/extubation of tubes in group HEM were more than those of group L(P＜0.01).Conclusions It is helpful to humidify and discharge deposited sputum of patients over routine hyperbaric oxygen by HEM.And the case8 of sealing/extubation of tubes are also reduced.

OBJECTIVE：To study the improvement effects of ginsenoside Rb 3 combined with β-asarone on vascular dementia （VD）model mice and its mechanism. METHODS ：ICR mice were randomly divided into model group ，ginsenoside Rb 3 group（10 mg/kg），β-asarone group （10 mg/kg），drug combination group （ginsenoside Rb 3 10 mg/kg+β-asarone 10 mg/kg），positive control group（donepezil hydrochloride 1 mg/kg）and Akt inhibitor group （LY294002，1 mg/kg），and sham operation group was set up ， with 10 mice in each group. Except for sham operation group ，VD model was induced by four vessel occlusion method in other groups. After modeling ，sham operation group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline ，Akt inhibitor group was given relevant medicine intraperitoneally ，and other groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically ，twice a day ，for consecutive 30 d. After last administration ，the learning and memory ability of mice was detected by avoiding darkness test. The contents of 4-hydroxydecenoic acid （4-HNE），8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine （8-OHdG） and reactive oxygen species （ROS） in hippocampus was detected by ELISA. RT-PCR assay was used ， to detect the mRNA expression of Bcl- 2 and Bax inhippocampus. The protein expression of Bcl- 2 in cortex wadetected by immunofluorescence method. Western blotting deng- assay was used to detect the protein expression of Bcl- 2 and mz1@126.com Bax in hippocampus. RESULTS ： Compared with sham operation group ，the incubation period of avoiding darkness xiaoyinlanlp@126.com test in model group was shortened significantly ； and the number of errors was increased significa ntly；4-HNE，8-OHdG and ROS contents ，mRNA and protein expression of Bax were increased significantly ，and mRNA and protein expression of Bcl- 2 was decreased significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group，the incubation period of avoiding darkness test was prolonged significantly in ginsenoside Rb 3 group，β-asarone group ，drug combination group and positive control group ，the number of errors was decreased significantly ；4-HNE，8-OHdG，ROS contents ， mRNA and protein expression of Bax were decreased significantly ，and mRNA and protein expression of Bcl- 2 were increased significantly，especially in drug combination group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. But the incubation period of avoiding darkness test was shortened significantly in Akt inhibitor group ，and the number of errors was increased significantly ；4-HNE，8-OHdG，ROS contents，mRNA and protein expression of Bax were increased significantly ，and mRNA and protein expression of Bcl- 2 were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Ginsenoside Rb 3 combined with β-asarone has a protective effect on VD model mice ，and the effect was better than that of each compound alone. The mechanism of which may be associated with anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis of hippocampus.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Dingzhi Xiaowan （DZXW） in post-stroke cognitive impairment （PSCI） model mice. MethodsThe cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model of mice was established by using the middle cerebral artery occlusion method. Forty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into the sham operation group， model group， low-dose DZXW group （1.43 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose DZXW group （2.56 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in each group. Both the sham operation group and the model group were treated with equal amounts of normal saline by gavage， and the above four groups of mice were gavaged once a day for 30 consecutive days. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the learning memory ability of mice. Serum levels of amyloid precursor protein （APP）， amyloid 42 （Aβ₄₂）， acetylcholinesterase （AChE）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Deoxyribonucleotide end transferase-mediated nick end labelling （TUNEL） assay was applied to detect the degree of apoptosis in the mouse's hippocampal neurons. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of phosphoinositol-3 kinase （PI3K）， protein kinase B （Akt）， mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha （HIF-1α）， B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2） homologous structural domain protein （Beclin1）， sequestosome 1 （p62）， microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 （LC3）， Bcl-2， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in hippocampal tissue. Prussian blue staining was used to detect iron deposition in hippocampal tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was taken to observe the ultrastructure of the mouse's hippocampal neurons. ResultsCompared with the sham operation group， the latency， APP， Aβ₄₂， AChE， TUNEL positivity， ferric ion deposition， HIF-1α， Beclin1， Bax， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were significantly increased in the model group （P<0.01）， while the number of crossing platforms， SOD， p-PI3K， p-Akt， p-mTOR， p62， and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the latency， APP， Aβ₄₂， AChE， TUNEL positivity rate， ferric ion deposition， HIF-1α， Beclin1， Bax， and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were significantly reduced in the DZXW groups （P<0.05）， while the number of crossing platforms， SOD， p-PI3K， p-Akt， p-mTOR， p62， and Bcl-2 were significantly higher （P<0.05）. ConclusionDZXW can alleviate cognitive impairment induced by oxidative stress-aggravated hippocampal neuronal damage in PSCI model mice by modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α autophagy signalling pathway.