In the teaching of pathology,instructor guides students to identify the similar and different spots between affection and normal tissue by previewing and contrasting teaching,so students learn how to discriminate different forms of affection generally and under the microscopic,and associated the clinical symptom.These exercises conduce to cultivate the logical thinking,observation and practice capability of students and do the groundwork for the clinic study.

Objective To determinate the contents of α-pinene, β-pinene, eucalyptol and linalool in Baeckea frutescens by reference substances method and reference extract method respectively; To explore the feasibility of replacing single component reference by control extracts in assay. Methods The GC system consisted of a quartz column DB-5 (60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm); The temperature programming rose from 80 ℃ (15 min) to 90 ℃ by 1 ℃/min, lasting 2 min, then 10 ℃/min to 110 ℃, then 25 ℃/min to 240 ℃, lasting 8 min in the end; The temperature of the entrance of capillary vessel column was 250 ℃, and the temperature of the detector was 250 ℃. Results α-pinene, β-pinene, eucalyptol and linalool were in a good linear relationship within each concentration scope (r≥0.999). The average recovery rates were in the range of 96.5%–102.2%. The results of t-test demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the two methods. Conclusion The reference extract method can be used as a quality evaluation pattern for Baeckea frutescens.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of 100 pesticide residues in Morus alba. METHODS:LC-MS/MS was conducted on the column of ZORBAX Eclipse plus C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile (containing 5% water, 0.1% formic acid,5 mmol/L ammonium formate)- water(containing 0.1% formic acid,5 mmol/L ammonium formate)(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min,column temperature was 40 ℃,injection volume was 5 μl;MS conditions:ionization source was electrospray ionization with positive ion mode,scanning mode was dynamic MRM,scanning time window was 2 min;atomiz-ing gas was nitrogen,atomizing gas pressure was 40 psi,drying gas flow rate was 5 L/min,capillary voltage was 4 000 V,and ion spray voltage was 500 V. RESULTS:The linear range of 100 pesticide residues was 2.4-150 ng/ml(r>0.990 0),recovery was 69.3%-128.2%,and the determination limit was 0.003-16 μg/kg. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproduc-ible,and can be used for the determination of pesticide residues in M. alba.

Objective To elucidate the expression pattern of E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complex and its association with pathologic features in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).Methods Fifty-two non-keratinizing NPC specimens with adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa were examined for E-cadherin,?-CATenin,?-CATenin.Results Abnormal expression rate of E-cadherin,?-catenin and ?-catenin in NPCs were 48.1%(25/52),32.7%(17/52) and 34.6%(18/52),respectively,whereas all adjacent non-neoplastic tissues normally expressed these proteins.Difference of expression of E-cadherin,?-catenin and ?-catenin between tumor tissues and non-cancerous tissues was statistically significant(P

Objective To assess the technical feasibility, patency and outcomes of subintimal angioplasty (SIA) for treatment of the lower extremity arteriosclerosis occlusions. Methods During the period from December 2003 to August 2008, 122 lower extremities with arteriosclerosis occlusions (median length, 10.25 cm;range, 4.5 to 28 cm) were treated on an intention-to-cure basis with SIA. Twenty-three lower extremities had disabling claudication and ninety-nine had limb-threatening ischemia. Patient history, demographics, procedural details, complications, and follow-up information were collected and analyzed. Patency, limb salvage, sustained improvement in claudication was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results The technical success rate of SIA was 83%. Following successful SIA, the mean ankle-brachial index increased from 0.19±0.11 to 0.67±0.29 (P<0.01). Primary patency at 12 and 24 months was 54%±5% and 45%±4% respectively, the clinical effective rates (rates of limb salvage and improvement in claudication) at 12 and 24 months were 82%±5% and 79%±4% respectively. No serious complications occurred. Conclusion In a selected group of patients, SIA is feasible with a high technical success rate and the clinical effective rates are satisfactory, there were no severe complications. SIA is a good treatment alternative in patients suffering from chronic ischemia with arteriosclerosis occlusions in the lower extremity.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the technical feasibility, safety and effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)for the treatment of severe limb ischemia caused by tibioperoneal arteries occlusion. Methods From June 2004 to May 2007,35 patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI)were treated on an intention-to-treat basis with tibioperoneal arterial PTA. Main outcome measures were technical success rate, primary patency rate, limb salvage rate and complications. Results The technical success rate of tibioperoneal arterial PTA Was 83%.Mean follow-up time was 11.5 months, primary patency rate and limb salvage rate were 57%and 82%,respectively.Mean length of tibioperoneal arterial PTA was 9.5 cm(4.5～14 cm),concurrent treatment of iliac artery or femoral-popliteal artery was carried out in 19 patients via either angioplasty or combined with stenting.There were three complications including arterial spasm and thrombosis in one, which Was relieved by thrombolysis and antispasmodics, and artery perforation in 2 cases, which was treated conservatively. Conclusion In tibioperoneal arterial occlusions in CLI patients, PTA is feasible with a high initial technical success rate and high limb salrage rate,tibioperoneal arterial PTA carries a lower morbidity and less severe complications. PTA is a safe, effective and good treatment alternative for CLI patients of tibioperoneal arterial occlusions.

Objective To investigate the risk factors and clinical characteristics of deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) of the lower extremities in Chinese people. Methods The clinical manifestations and risk factors in 2742 DVT patients diagnosed by phlebography were retrospectively studied. Results DVT made up 22.39% of all the venous diseases of the lower extremity. The most common clinical presentations of DVT were swelling and pain (92. 34% ), varicose vein ( 32. 57% ), pigmentation (24. 95% ) and ulceration( 18.45% ). The left lower extremity was more frequently involved. The whole limb type was 60. 09%, 80. 23% DVT patients had identified risk factors including age over 40 years old (76. 29% ), history of major surgery ( 12. 18% ) and severe trauma ( 8.42% ), pregnancy and the puerperium ( 4. 87% ). The history of general surgery ( 26. 05% ), vascular surgery ( 23. 35% ), gynaecoiogy and obstetrics (20. 96% ), orthopaedics ( 16. 47% ) and urinary surgery (7.49%) was among the most common surgery. Primary hypercoagulable syndrome was identified in 0. 22% DVT patients. Conclusion DVT makes up 22. 39% of the disease of veins of the lower extremity. The most common clinical presentations of DVT were swelling and pain. The most common risk factors were age over 40 years, major surgery, severe trauma. Primary hypercoagulable syndrome is a heritage risk factor for DVT pathogenesis.

Objective To assess reconstructive options for critical limb ischaemia in infrapopliteal arteries. Methods A retrospective review of all CLI patients who underwent infrapopliteal reconstruction was carried out. Patient history, demographics, procedure details, complications, and follow-up information were collected and analyzed. Patency, limb salvage rate was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results During the period (from December 2003 to January 2008 ), 123 CLI patients with arteriosclerosis occlusions were treated on an intention-to-treat basis with infrapopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).Thirty-three thromboangiitis obliterans and twenty-three arteriosclerosis occlusions suffering CLI were treated by infrapopliteal bypass procedures. Primary patency and limb salvage rate of infrapopliteal PTA at 6, 12 and 24 months was 67%, 54%, 49% and 91%, 85%, 78% respectively, Primary patency and limb salvage rate of infrapopliteal surgical bypass at 6, 12 and 24 months was 90%, 83%, 79% and 92%,87%, 80% respectively, the patency of infrapopliteal PTA was lower than infrapopliteal surgical bypass (P ＜0. 01 ), but the limb salvage rate of infrapopliteal PTA and open surgery was no significant difference (P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion Endovascular treatment (PTA) in patients with infrapopliteal arteriosclerosis occlusions and critical ischaemia is safe, effective. Infrapopliteal PTA can be used as the choice of therapy and surgical bypass reserved in those endovascular treatment failed. While in CLI patients with thromboangiitis obliterans infrapopliteal artery bypass remains the best treatment option.

Objective:To explore the status quo and development trends of clinical practice ability research of Chinese nursing graduate students.Methods:Articles about the clinical practice ability of nursing graduate students were searched from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) , Chinese BioMedical Database (CBM) , Wanfang and VIP databases. Bibliometric analysis was performed over the year, journal, author, region and institution, fund, methods and contents of these articles.Results:Totally 67 valid articles were included, including 46 studies. 41 journal articles were distributed in 18 journals, and Chinese Nursing Research had the largest number of papers. There were 10 core authors, accounting for a co-authorship rate of 64.18% and a cooperation degree of 2.72. The first authors came from 16 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, and most of the research institutions were medical schools. The fund support rate was 52.17%. The top 7 keywords were professional degree, clinical practice model, Delphi method, training model, education, evaluation indicator and analytical hierarchy process. Research topics could be divided into 5 categories.Conclusions:The study of the clinical practice ability of Chinese graduate nursing students generally shows an upward trend, and the distribution of research regions and institutions is imbalanced. The core author group has not yet been formed, and the degree of cooperation research is not high. The research content is rich, but the quality and depth of research still needs to be improved.