The mass epidemic of SARS in China during the spring of year 2003 reveals defects in the guidelines for Chinese public health policy. During the marketizing process of Chinese economy, our government neglected the vital importance of public health to national security, which led to insufficient investment in public health, negligence of prophylaxis and lack of effective measures to deal with emergency cases. It constitutes the underlying cause of the mass epidemic of SARS. Therefore, we must amend our public health policy and reconstruct our public health system to secure the ultimate interest of the utmost majority of our people.

China has already become a country with large scale liver transplantation in the world in 2004. However, against the background of severe inequity in health care resource allocation, what hides behind the great increase of liver transplantation surgeries is a sharp ethical conflict. Organ transplantation is a high - tech operation, which has not only technical requirements but also ethical requirements. The obtaining of organs must follow ethical principles; the decision about the recipients must follow both medical and social standards; the benefit for the recipient must exceed the loss for the provider; justice must be sought in organ allocation. Therefore, liver transplantations that do not accord with medical indications are against bioethical principles. The zeal for liver transplantation doesnt fit into the situation of our country at all. The source of organs must be controlled according to internationally recognized ethical principles, the ethical training for surgeons must be strengthened, so that the development of liver transplantation in China can be in a healthy track.

Extensive informed consent is a special form of informed consent.In foreign countries,the applica-tion and implementation of extensive informed consent has enhanced the circulation rate of biological samples in fu-ture research and promoted the development of the clinical research of biological samples.But it also has caused some ethical issues because of weakening informed such as:obtaining the information about the subject not in time,the research risks unknown and quiting research not in time.At present,Europe and the United States have conducted a lot of research in the implementation conditions,informed content and framework,providing a strong support for the practice of extensive informed consent.The practice of extensive informed consent has become the development direction of the biological samples research in our country.The author compared the social environ-ment and theoretical research at home and abroad and thought that our country must practice and implement it on the basis of social recognition,the improvement of ethical review mechanism and legislative protection.

Nurses often face ethical dilemmas in clinical practice,originating from nurses themselves,nursing measures,and nursing management as well.Only by correctly recognizing and analyzing the causes of ethical dilemmas in nursing care,can help nurses get out of the ethical dilemmas and make reasonable ethical decisions in nursing care.

Objective: To understand the medical staff' cognition of medicalethics.Method: Descriptive study and various analysis were performed. Results: Four aspects including the understanding of hospital Ethic Review Committee, the status of medical ethics education, the understanding of medical ethics in clinic and research, the requirement of medical ethics training were surveyed among the medical staff in five hospitals. Conclusion: The influence of medical ethics in clinical practice and medical research were greatly improved. The hospital Ethic Review Committee should be strengthened and a lot of works was needed for medical ethics education.

Through the problem of gene-related clinical and scientific studies reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB), Shanghai Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this article discussed and summarized main points of clinical gene-related studies such as participants have indepen-dent rights, which were the choice of being told the research results and the donors of Biobank have rights for option in or out. The clinical gene-related studies should pay attention to the protection of genetic resources dur-ing the study, fairness of genetic research findings' usage. And on this basis, in order to facilitate the effective operation of the researchers, key elements of the gene-related research projects were developed in the design plan and informed consent. Finally, the importance and implementation of relevant standardization system construction were also emphasized .

By referring to the domestic and foreign relevant regulatory guidelines, this paper analyzed and sum-marized the ethical point in the design phase in the perspective of relevant regulations of clinical waste sample man-agement and biological sample management. It also analyzed the focus problems including the difference in sample library and clinical laboratory remaining sample as well as the ownership of the sample, to provide theoretical basis for ethics committee to review this kind of protocols.

This paper explored the joint teaching model between universities and hospitals.Clinical practice teaching based on medical ethics was carried out,choosing academic leader of teaching and research section of medical ethics as the core and relying on ethic committee of affiliated hospital as the support.Three teaching methods were integrated:theoretical introduction-case analysis-multi-role discussion(doctor,patient's organization,medical ethic specialist),which rendered ethical teaching more practical and operational.Facing the dilemma of present hospital environment,introducing medical ethic and other human sciences into clinical practices and other medical organization was evidently a better choice than strengthening police forces in hospital.

The medical ethics curriculum education in American universities developed earlier,was more ma-ture,and has conducted more practice and exploration in various aspects of curriculum setting,teaching objectives, teaching content,teaching methods,evaluation methods,and faculty and so on. Taking medical ethics curriculum ed-ucation in University of Pittsburgh as an example,this paper expounded the concrete practice of all above aspects in American colleges and universities,and using this as a reference,hoped to have enlightenment to medical ethics ed-ucation and medical humanities education in China.

OBJECTIVE： To prepare Capsaicin solid dispersion， to optimize its formulation and characterize the dispersion. METHODS： Capsaicin solid dispersion was prepared by melting method using P188 or PEG4000 as carrier. Using 60 min accumulative dissolution rate in vitro as index， orthogonal test was used to optimize type of carrier， drug ratio and stirring time. Validation test was conducted. The stability of Capsaicin solid dispersion within 0， 30， 180 d was investigated at 40 ℃ under the relative humidity of 75％， and X-ray diffraction （XRD） was used to analyze whether there were peaks. Capsaicin solid dispersion was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and XRD. RESULTS： The optimized formula included P188-PEG4000 as carrier， capsaicin-P188-PEG 4000 mass ratio of 1 ∶ 5 ∶ 3， stirring for 20 min. Accumulative dissolution rate in vitro of Capsaicin solid dispersion was 84.6％ within 60 min （n＝3）， and the preparation kept stable within 180 d [RSD of content was 3％ （n＝3）； XRD showed that there was no peak]. The phase characteristics showed that capsaicin was highly dispersed in the amorphous or molecular state in carrier. CONCLUSIONS： The optimized technology can be used to prepare Capsaicin solid dispersion， and improves more than 80％ dissolution rate in vitro at 60 min. It is stable， simple and feasible.