The mass epidemic of SARS in China during the spring of year 2003 reveals defects in the guidelines for Chinese public health policy. During the marketizing process of Chinese economy, our government neglected the vital importance of public health to national security, which led to insufficient investment in public health, negligence of prophylaxis and lack of effective measures to deal with emergency cases. It constitutes the underlying cause of the mass epidemic of SARS. Therefore, we must amend our public health policy and reconstruct our public health system to secure the ultimate interest of the utmost majority of our people.

China has already become a country with large scale liver transplantation in the world in 2004. However, against the background of severe inequity in health care resource allocation, what hides behind the great increase of liver transplantation surgeries is a sharp ethical conflict. Organ transplantation is a high - tech operation, which has not only technical requirements but also ethical requirements. The obtaining of organs must follow ethical principles; the decision about the recipients must follow both medical and social standards; the benefit for the recipient must exceed the loss for the provider; justice must be sought in organ allocation. Therefore, liver transplantations that do not accord with medical indications are against bioethical principles. The zeal for liver transplantation doesnt fit into the situation of our country at all. The source of organs must be controlled according to internationally recognized ethical principles, the ethical training for surgeons must be strengthened, so that the development of liver transplantation in China can be in a healthy track.

Based on the review of the existing evidence of the research on the hospital management institutional ethics , this paper found researches in this area in the last two decades focused on the concept and level definition of hospital management institutional ethics;the construction of hospital management institutional ethics;the value and function of hospital management institutional ethics, and the reason and result of lack of hospital management insti-tutional ethics. On this basis, it pointed out the deficiency of the current researches and outlook the prospects.

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors of early postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy.MethodsThe clinical data of 159 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from March 2005 to October 2010 was analyzed retrospectively.The related factors of early postoperative complications were analyzed.ResultsThe incidence rate of early postoperative complications was 30.8％ (49/159).Univariate analysis showed that preoperative fasting blood glucose level,total serum bilirubin level,serum albumin level,high density lipoproteins level and intraoperative bleeding were closely correlated with early postoperative complications in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (P ＜ 0.05),but gender,age,preoperative jaundice,history of diabetes mellitus,operation time and whether portal vein reconstruction were no significantly associated with early postoperative complications in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (P ＞ 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative fasting blood glucose level( ≥6.1 mmol/L),total serum bilirubin level ( ≥ 171 μ mol/L) and serum albumin level( ＜ 35 g/L) were the important independent risk factors of early postoperative complications in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.ConclusionThe risk factors of pancreaticoduodenectomy should be fully recognized and dealt with promptly.

Objective To study the expression of CD105 and CD31 and relationship with the biological behavior in gastric cancer tissue. Methods Immunochemical method was adopted to detect the microvessel density(MVD) of CD105 and CD31 in 63 cases of gastric cancer and 20 cases of chronic gastritis. Results The mean value of CD105-MVD and CD31-MVD were respectively 40.97?15.67 and 25.87?10.54 in gastric cancer, which was higher than those in chronic gastritis, the difference was significant (P 0.05). Conclusion CD105 was better than CD31 in staining gastric cancer tissue. Expression of CD105 was closely related to the biological behavior of gastric cancer; detection of CD105 was recommended to precisely assess tumor stage, direct cancer therapy and predict prognosis.

Most previous researches on nuclear factor κB (NFκB) are limited to immune cells. Recently, however, researches on NFKB in muscle cells attract more attention. Target genes of NFκB encodes proteins with different functions, accordingly NFκB can not only induce inflammation deterioration, protein degradation and tissue injury but also promote cell growth and maintenance. But the inhibitation effect of NFκB inhibitors is not related with its antioxidant capacity. Exercise can activate NFκB during which process NFκB may act as an inducer of cell growth and development which is different from its role under pathological situation. This article sums up and analyzes the effect of NFκB on cell growth, the changing trend and effect of NFκB in skeletal muscle under exercise, providing data for the researches on muscle rehabilitation and motion fitness change.

Lactate shuttle is the process of lactic migration thmugh membrane with monocarboxylate transporters(MCTs)and anti-exchange ion,including intracellular and extracellular modes.The effect of MCTs specific distribution on lactate shuffle and the structure and mechanism of anti-exchange ion transporter is unclear.Any factor which infiuences lactate production.oxidation,MCTs expression and blood circulation can regulate lactate shuttle.That lactate induces ASIC channel to open may affect the Sensory nerve bnnging about pain.Various lactate shuttles may induce vanous kinds of pain,Ageing,but not inactivity,decrease lactate accumulation and shuttle leading to the decreased fatigability of skeletal muscle.The regulation mechanism and energy supply extend of lactate shuttle need to be investigated.Lactate shuttle may be one important factor to regulate the biological effect of lactate such as vanous muscle pain,fatigability and etc.Lactate shuffle effect on body function regulation is a noticeable problem in muscle rehabilitation and excise-inducad adaption fields.

Objective:To study the dynamic changes of serum AFP before and after cryosurgery for liver cancer.Methods:The dynamic changes of serum AFP in 46 cases of liver cancer before and after cryosurgery were analyzed.Results:In those with a negative AFP before operation,the value of AFP increased rapidly 3 days after operation,kept positive for half a month,and was difficult to be turned negative.In those with a positive AFP before operation,there were no evident changes 3 days after operation,and the value of AFP decreased to normal half a month after operation.Conclusion:The change of AFP had some characteristic in the cryosurgery of liver cancer.Detection on the changes of AFP value is helpful in judging the curative effect and prognosis of cryosurgery for liver cancer patients.

Extensive informed consent is a special form of informed consent.In foreign countries,the applica-tion and implementation of extensive informed consent has enhanced the circulation rate of biological samples in fu-ture research and promoted the development of the clinical research of biological samples.But it also has caused some ethical issues because of weakening informed such as:obtaining the information about the subject not in time,the research risks unknown and quiting research not in time.At present,Europe and the United States have conducted a lot of research in the implementation conditions,informed content and framework,providing a strong support for the practice of extensive informed consent.The practice of extensive informed consent has become the development direction of the biological samples research in our country.The author compared the social environ-ment and theoretical research at home and abroad and thought that our country must practice and implement it on the basis of social recognition,the improvement of ethical review mechanism and legislative protection.

Objective To investigate the expression pattern of Placental growth factor (PlGF) and regulatory effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6)on PlGF expression in the primary cultured trophoblast cells. Methods Cytotrophoblast cells werecollected by trypsin-collagenase digestion and Percoll gradient centrifugation for primary culture. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) were resorted to demonstrate the expression pattern of PlGF mRNA in trophoblast cells cultured in vitro. The effects of IL-6 with different concentration(100,10,1 and 0.1 ?g/L) and duration (6,12,24 and 48 h) on PlGF expression were observed. Results The 185 bp and 248 bp bands of PlGF were showed by RT-PCR. PlGF expression correlated with IL-6. PlGF began to increase at 6 h, and reached the climax at 12 h when recultured with 100 ?g/L IL-6. Conclusions PlGF expression has time and dose dependance on IL-6. It may play an important role in early pregnancy.