The present survey was carried out during 1955-1973 in Bouji County,Hunglung County as well as Changan County of Shaanxi Province. Two hun-dred and seventy two speciments of chigger mites from rodents in theseareas was determined. Fifteen species of chigger mites belong to two subfa-milies and seven generas, of which eleven specics was found in the Hung-lung area of Northern Shaanxi and ten species in Central Shaanxii, ncludingthe Chouchi, Bouji and Changan areas. The chigger mites, L. palpaliswere a dominant species for Central Shaanxi, but this species does notappear for the Hunglung area of Shaanxi, Province. The other species ofchigger mites found during this survey are recognized as follows: Shunsenia hunglungensis Muitisetosa major Odontacarus majestica Euschongastia indica Euschongastia ikaoensis Euchongastia Spp. Neoschongastia gallinarum Neotrombicula japonica Neotrombicula ichikawai Neotrombicula tamiyai Leptotrombidus scutellariae v. basoglobrosis Leptotrombidus deliensis Leptotrombidus kitasatoi Leptotrombidus hungdi nov spp. On studying the relation between the species distribution of rodent hostsand chigger mites, it has been demonstrated that the Mus musculusand Apodemus agrarius are the dominant species of rodents in these areas. These rodent hosts were parasited by the chigger mites. The results of thissurvey have shown that the chigger mites N. gallinarum was found onlyin wild rabbites. Generally speaking, N. gallinarum only parasites on hensand birds, but can not be found in wild rabbites. So, that is an interest-ing problem and should be investigated further. The relation between haemorrhagic fever and chigger mites has not beenclear up to now. In this paper although the chigger mites L. palpalis wasthe dominant species of chigger mites on Mus musculus and Apodemusagrarius in Central Shaanxi, which is the endemic area of haemorrhagicferer. The haemorrhagic fever virus has not been isolated from chigger mites,including L. palpalis so far. Therefore, the relation between chigger mitesand haemorrhagic fever is not clear.

Transmission. electron microscopical observations on the effects of pyquiton on po-gumogonimus skrjabini in dogs were carried out. 24 hours after oral administration of single dose of 120mg/kg pyquiton to dogs infected with Pagumogonimus skrjabini, the tegumental cytoplasmic projections swelled, the mitochondria in the ground substance; were concentrated, the secretory bodies decreased, the nucleolus and chromatin in the tegumental cells and the musculature were dissolved and the muscular microfilaments were disordered. Simultaneously, the nucleus and nucleolus of the gut epithelia were swollen, the chromatin concentrated, the secretory body disappeared and the microvilli on the surface of digestive tract adhered together and ruptured. Finally, the mechanism of pyquiton in killing Paragonimus was discussed on the basis of the findings in this study (Plates 1-8).

This report deals with 9 cases of brain paragonimiasis whose clinicalmenifestations are of several types, such as epulepsy, brain tumor menigitis.paralysis, vision disturbance and/or headache. Precipitation test and skintest are positive in 8 of the 9 patients, and electroencephalography is ab-normal to a certaln degree in 8 patients. All the cases received specifictherapy. After 4 month-2 and a half year follow-up, six cases returned to normal,one got recurrent episode and one got residual local damage in the brain. Bitin is a good choice in chemical therapy but should be used in combi-nation with dehydrants, cortisone, etc.

Objective To investigate immune status changes in liver transplant patients suffering from early developed sepsis.Methods In this study 19 patients undergoing liver transplantation for severe hepatitis from Oct 2008 to Jul 2009 were enrolled.Immune status was compared between patients of severe hepatitis and 20 healthy volunteers.According to whether early sepsis developed or not,patients were divided into sepsis group (HSS) and non-sepsis group (HSNS).T lymphocyte subgroups of the peripheral blood were compared between post-transplant and pre-transplant in these two groups on different stages.Results Comparing to volunteers,T％ and IFN-γ/IL-4 of severe hepatitis patients significantly decreased,CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg( ％ ),Foxp3 mRNA and IL-10 significantly increased.Early sepsis developed in 9 patients.Compared with pre-transplant levels,T％ in both groups significantly decreased on the first day post transplant.T％ in HSNS group increased to the level of pretransplant while T％ of HSS group remained at the low level.Treg％ ( t =3.265,P =0.004 ) and Foxp3 mRNA ( t =2.750,P =0.013 ) of HSNS group on day 14 decreased significantly lower than that before transplantation.Those two parameters of HSS group even increased slightly.IFN-γ/IL-4 in HSNS group increased significantly on day 3 (t =2.261,P =0.036),while there was no change in HSS group.The concentration of IL-10 in both groups significantly decreased,and the level in HSNS group remained at a low level,while that in HSS group increased on day 14.Conclusions Patients with severe hepatitis have weakened immune status.The imbalance of immune status recovers gradually since 7-14 days after transplantation in patients uncomplicated with sepsis.However,the immune status of receipients complicated with sepsis fails to improve.

Objective To observe the effects of different anesthetic techniques on T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with cardia cancer. Methods Thirty-two patients undergoing elective radical operation for cardia cancer who had been average assigned into two groups by random digits table, group Ⅰ :general anesthesia;group Ⅱ :epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia (16 cases in each group).Peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets were measured before induction, after anesthesia, end of operation, 1d,3 d after operation. Results CD3,CD4,CD8 and CD4/CD8 all decreased in two groups after anesthesia,end of operation and 1 d after operation than before induction (P < 0.05). The index almost returned to the baseline values at 3 d after operation in group Ⅱ [ (60.75 ± 4.22 )%, (39.65 ± 3.64)%, (25.90 ± 1.17 )%,1.57 ±0.15](P >0.05),while in group Ⅰ still lower [(55.83 ±5.20)%, (35.15 ±5.65)%, (23.00 ±1.03 )%, 1.47 ± 0.35 ](P< 0.05 ). The two groups ontrast had significant deviation at 3 d after operation (P<0.05). Conclusion Epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia can reduce depression of Tlymphocyte subsets induced by surgical trauma and anesthesia.

This article was aimed to survey the use of Chinese minority medicine, in order to provide differences and similarities among different Chinese minority medicine, and to analyze the relations among species resources, using range, functions and indications. It provided a basic scientific platform for the development, research and use of minority medicine. The books and journals published since the late 1970s (the country after the reform and opening up) had been collected, classified. And reference books on current Chinese minority medicine had been compiled. The results showed that the first draft of the book had been completed and delivered to the press. The dictionary had cited 53 traditional medicine used by minority groups. The total number of minority medicine was 7 734. The total characters amount in the book was 1 700 000 words. It was concluded that the species of minority medicine were various. There was rich information on their harvest, medicinal parts, functions and indications with prominent features. The existing major problems were to clarify the standard of the species as well as their major functions and indications.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of mycophenolate mofeil (MMF) combined with dose-decreased calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) in patients who received liver transplanation with chronic kidney malfunction.Methods28 liver transplant patients with chronic kidney malfunction were prospectively included in this study.MMF was initiated and the dose of the original immunosuppressive drug CNIs decreased.The change in renal function and adverse events were evaluated.ResultsOne patient was discontinued with MMF treatment because of serious myelosuppression.The other 27 patients were treated with MMF with a median of 30.8 months.The basal creatinine values and the basal creatinine clearance were ( 134.26 ± 27.25) μmol/1 and (57.70 ± 16.93) ml/min,respectively.The basal glomerular filtration rate was (53.91±11.63) ml/min.The creatinine values at 1,3,6,12,24 and 36 months were 124.30±28.27 (P=0.006),130.19±29.29 (P=0.174),125.49±38.18 (P=0.194),119.71±31.36 (P=0.010),137.43±42.55 (P＝0.804),and (139.04±39.80) μmol/L (P=0.916).And the creatinine clearance values at 1,3,6,12,24 and 36 months were 62.57±19.29 (P=0.008),61.18± 19.70 (P=0.086),64.27±22.82 (P=0.018),67.48±22.59 (P=0.002),57.18±19.55 (P=0.405),and (54.56±23.48) ml/minute (P=0.708),respectively.The glomerular filtration rate at 1,3,6,12,24 and 36 months were 59.20 ± 14.05 (P=0.006),56.61±14.01 (P=0.04),60.47±17.33 (P=0.016),63.59±17.66 (P=0.002),53.75±13.60 (P=0.369),and (51.70±16.07) ml/min (P＝0.703).One patient (3.7％) had mild acute rejection.5 patients (18.5 ％ ) had mild abdominal distention or diarrhea.2 patients (7.4％) had ischemic cholangitis.No patient had cytomegalo virus infection or tumor recurrence.ConclusionIn liver transplant recipients with chronic renal dysfunction,MMF allowed CNIs dose reduction or discontinuation,improved or stabilized renal function in most patients and it had only mild adverse events.

Objective To determine the effects of different anesthetic techniques on T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Methods Forty patients were randomly assigned into general anesthesia group (group Ⅰ),or combined generae anesthesia with epidural anesthesia group(group Ⅱ). Peripheral blood CD3, CD4,CD8 were measured before induction ( T1 ), after anesthesia ( T2 ), end of operation ( T3 ), 1d ( T4 ), 3d ( T5 ) after surgery. Resolts CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8 decreased at T2 in the two groups. In group Ⅱ ,CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8 ratio almost returned to the baseline values at T4 ,while group Ⅰ did not. Conclusion Epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia can reduce depression of T-lymphocyte subsets induced by surgical trauma and anesthesia, and is the anesthetic tecnique of choice for cancer patients undergoing major operation.

OBJECTIVE:To study varieties,indications and usage features of Tibetan medicine preparations,and provide refer-ence for the clinical treatment and new drug development for Tibetan medicine. METHODS:Tibetan medicine preparations in offi-cial standards were collected,variety features(formula scale,license number,pharmaceutical enterprise,name and dosage form, herbal medicine number),action features(indication name,clinical application)and medicine features(category and quantity,me-dicinal part,commonly used drug,frequency,three fruitsuse feature) were summarized. RESULTS:Totally 458 preparations were included,including 18 recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (part 1,2015 edition),200 recorded in Pharmaceutical Stan-dards of the Ministry of Health of China(Tibetan medicine,1995 edition),240 recorded in Tibetan Medicine Standards(six prov-inces). 129 had obtained 430 license numbers,from 52 pharmaceutical companies;the prearations were mainly named byherbal medicine+principal medicine+dosage formprincipal medicine+dosage formandindication+dosage form. Dosage forms had powder,pill,cream,oil,syrup and wine; the number of herbal medicine was(13.81±13.28). The Tibetan preparations were com-monly used in the clinical treatment of diseases of the digestive system,respiratory system,genitourinary system,circulatory sys-tem,infectious and parasitic diseases,etc. 442 medicines had been used,including 297 herbal medicines,70 animal medicines, 47 mineral medicines and other 28 medicines. The common medicinal parts were seed or fruit,root or rhizome,whole grass,flow-er,stem,over-ground part,tuber or bulb,etc. The top 10 frequency of medicines were as follows as Terminalia chebula,Cartha-mus tinctorius,Aucklandia lappa,Amomum kravanh,Phyllanthus emblica,Piper longum,Inula racemosa,Punica granatum, Moschus berezovskii,Adhatoda vasica;and 19% preparations contained three fruits(T. chebula,P. emblica,Terminalia bellirica). CONCLUSIONS:Tibetan medicine preparations have rich varieties,reasonable herbal medicines,more solid preparations,widely clinic application,contain more herbal drugs and commonly usethree fruits,while fewer preparations have obtained license number.