Objective To investigate the pathogen distribution and drug resistance of biliary tract infection in patients with cholelithiasis, and to summarize the clinical experience.Methods160 patients with cholelithiasis were analyzed.The proportion of patients with biliary tract infection was counted.The bile and venous blood were collected and the distribution of pathogens was detected.The patients were also analyzed for the drug resistance.ResultsThe incidence of biliary tract infection was 62.5%, the positive rate of bile culture was 62.5%, and the positive rate of blood test was 37.5% for 160 patients with cholelithiasis.Gram-positive bacteria include Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus, Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc.;Gram-positive bacteria for the large Methicillin and erythromycin resistance is higher, Gram-negative bacteria for ampicillin and levofloxacin higher resistance.ConclusionThe pathogen distribution and drug resistance of biliary tract infection in patients with cholelithiasis are analyzed.The clinical pathogens are widely distributed.At the same time, the pathogens have different resistance to different antimicrobial agents.Therefore, clinical use should be reasonable choice when using antimicrobial agents, With a view to give full play to drug effects.

Objective To evaluate the result of multiple segmentectomy under selective occlusion of hepatic inflow for complicated intrahepatic cholangiolithiasis. Methods In this study 12 cases of complicated intrahepatic cholangiolithiasis receiving multiple segmentectomy under selective occlusion of hepatic inflow during 2004. 1 - 2010. 10 were reviewed retrospectively. The short-term and long-term outcomes of the patients were analyzed. Results There was no surgical mortality in this group. The segmentectomy performed were Ⅱ + Ⅲ + Ⅴ in 1 case; Ⅱ + Ⅲ + Ⅵ in 2 cases; Ⅱ + Ⅲ + Ⅴ + Ⅵ in 1 case;Ⅱ +Ⅲ+Ⅵ +Ⅶ in4 cases; Ⅱ +Ⅲ +Ⅳ +Ⅵ in 3 cases and Ⅱ + Ⅲ +Ⅳ +Ⅵ +Ⅶ in 1 case. The average intraoperative blood loss was 560 ± 291 ml. Postoperative complications were wound infection in 2 cases, bile leakage in 1 case, abdominal infection in 1 case. There were no liver failure, intrabdominal hemorrhage or hemobilia; stone clearance rate at 10 days after operation was 83% (10/12) and 92%(11/12) at 6 weeks after operation following postoperative choledochoscopic lithotripsy. 92% (11/12) cases were followed-up with the median follow-up period of 31 months. The result was excellent or good in 92% (11/12) cases. Conclusions Multiple segmentectomy was the choice for complicated intrahepatic cholangiolithasis, and the procedure could be safely performed under selective occlusion of the hepatic inflow.

Objective To evaluate right hepatic veins exclusion in the prevention of massive bleeding and air embolism during the resection of huge hepatic cavernous hemangioma near the second hepatic portal. Method This is a retrospective study on the clinical data of 12 hepatic hemangioma patients at the Live Surgery Department of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from 2004. 1 to 2010.3. In all patients the huge hepatic cavernous hemangioma was adjoining the second hepatic portal. Block webbing or vascular clamp were used to exclude the right hepatic veins. Among the 11 patients without hepatic cirrhosis Pringle maneuvre was applied in 5 cases and selective hepatic inflow occlusion in 6 cases. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis used hemi-hepatic blood inflow occlusion. Results During the surgery no rupture of right hepatic vein happened. Nine patients used vascular block webbing and 3 patients used vascular clamp.Six patients without cirrhosis used the complete hepatic inflow occlusion and other patients without cirrhosis used hemi-hepatic blood inflow occlusion. Cirrhotic patients used hemi-hepatic blood inflow occlusion. All the operations were successful. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 200 - 5800 ml, averaging 680 ml. Three patients needed not blood transfusion. There was no right hepatic vein rupture or air embolism. Conclusion Right hepatic veins exclusion is a useful technique to prevent massive bleeding and air embolism caused by the rupture of right hepatic vein during the resection of huge hepatic cavernous hemangioma.

Objective To evaluate hepatic vein exclusion (HVE) outside the liver in the resection of giant hepatic hemangioma near the second hepatic hilum. Methods From January 2003 to December 2009, giant hepatic hemangiomas near the second hepatic hilum were resected in 19 cases. Preoperatively 19 cases were divided into two groups: HVE group (9 cases) and IVE group ( 10 cases). Data regarding the intra-operative and postoperative courses of the patients were analyzed. Results There was no difference between the 2 groups regarding the age, sex and tumor size. No damage of hepatic vein was happened in HVE group. Resection of the hemangioma was applied in all cases of HVE group, and 1 case in IVE group had right hemi-hepatectomy. Hepatic veins rupture occurred in 4 cases in IVE group and 2 cases of them had massive bleeding, while in HVE group hepatic veins rupture occurred in 5 cases but no massive bleeding occurred. Intra-operative blood loss was significantly less in HVE group than IVE group. The serum ALT value in postoperative day 1 and total bilirubin in postoperative day 3 in HVE group was significantly lower than that of the IVE group. The mean drainage volume in HVE group was significantly less than that of the IVE group on postoperative day 1 and day 2. The total cost of patient in HVE group were significant less than in IVE group. Conclusions The use of hepatic vein exclusion reduces the risk in the resection of giant hepatic hemangioma near the second hepatic hilum.

Objective To explore the safety of the left anterior pararenal space approach in laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenic preservation.Methods 30 patients operated between August 2008 and September 2013 were retrospectively reviewed.Results Of the 30 patients,28 underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with preservation of splenic artery and vein,2 underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with division of the splenic artery and vein and preservation of the short gastric vessels.All the 30 patients had their operations carried out successfully with an average operative time of (55 ± 38) min,blood loss (100 ± 48) ml and duration of hospitalization 7.8 d.Pancreatic fistula occurred in 2 patients and it healed spontaneously on drainage.Partial splenic infarction occurred in 1 patient.The pathological lesions were serous cystadenoma in 6 patients,mucinous cystadenoma in 6 patients,insulinoma in 5 patients,solid pseudopapillary tumor in 6 patients,chronic pancreatitis presenting as a mass in 3 patients,and pancreatic cyst in 4 patients.Conclusions The left anterior pararenal space approach was safe and efficacious in distal pancreatectomy with splenic preservation.If the pancreatic lesion was big and compressed the splenic artery and vein,laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with division of the splenic artery and vein and preservation of the short gastric vessels was the procedure of choice.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture at Baihuanshu (BL30) and Huiyang (BL35) in treating chronic abacterial prostatitis.MethodSixty patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis were divided into a treatment group(n=30) and a control group (n=30), respectively to receive electroacupuncture plus Chinese herbal medicine and Chinese herbal medicine alone.ResultAfter intervention, the scores of National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis symptom index (NIH-CPS) dropped in both treatment and control groups, while the decrease was more significant in the treatment group (P<0.05); the pain or discomfort score from the NIH-CPS dropped in both groups, while the decrease was more marked in the treatment group (P<0.05).ConclusionElectroacupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine both are effective in treating chronic abacterial prostatitis, and electroacupuncture plus Chinese herbal medicine can produce a more significant efficacy than Chinese herbal medicine alone.

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy (LRH) via anterior approach for larger tumors in the right lobe of the liver.Methods A retrospective study was conducted based on the clinical data of ten consecutive patients with large right liver cancer undergoing LRH through anterior approach and thirty-seven patients undergoing open hemihepatectomy by anterior approach in recent 6 years.Results Between the two groups there were no significant difference in gender,average age,the mean tumor size,preoperative liver reserve function,cut margin and intraoperative blood transfusion.The LRH group had less average intraoperative blood loss [(408 ± 158)ml vs.(520 ± 153)ml,t =2.047,P =0.046] and shorter postoperative hospital stay [(11.5 ±2.8)d vs.(16.2 ±4.6) d,t=3.091,P=0.003],longer operation time [(302 ±38)min vs.(251±55)min,t=2.732,P=0.009].There was no perioperative death and no significant difference in complications (20.0％ vs.35.1％,x2 =0.812,P =0.367) and similar median survival time (36 mon vs.29 mon,x2 =1.266,P =0.261).Conclusions LRH via anterior approach for larger tumors in the right lobe of the liver is safe and feasible.

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of total laparoscopic radical resection for a patient of Bismuth type Ⅲ a hilar cholangiocarcinoma.Methods This patient underwent right hemihepatectomy combined caudate lobectomy,radical regional lymphadenectomy and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy under total laparoscopic techniques.Preoperatively the volume of future liver remnant estimated by CT scan was 46％,and indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICG R15) was 6.0％.Results The total laparoscopic surgery was carried out successfully with operation time of 540 min and intraoperative blood loss 300 ml,without blood transfusion.The results of pathological examination showed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of hilar bile duct with negative tumor margins and no regional lymph node metastasis(0/13).The postoperative recovery was uneventful with hospital stay time of 10 days and without any complications.Conclusion At experienced hands,total laparoscopic radical resection of Bismuth type Ⅲ a hilar cholangiocarcinoma is feasible and safe for selected patients.

ObjectiveTo study the proper timing for radical hepatectomy after tumour-down-staging with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable primary liver cancer.Method This is a retrospective study of 18 patients with unresectable primary liver cancer who received radical liver resection after tumour-downstaging with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) from January 2005 to August 2010 at Zhejiang Province People's Hospital Hepatobiliary Surgery Department.The patients received TACE 1 to 3 times (once n=4,twice n=12,and thrice n=2).After tumour-downstaging,radical liver resection was carried out (right hepatectomy,n =10 ; resection of tumour in right liver + resection of right liver metastases,n=2; resection of tumnour in right liver +radiofrequency ablation of right liver metastasis,n=1; right hepatectomy + removal of portal vein tumour thrombus,n=1 ; left hepatectomy + radiofrequency ablation of right liver metastases,n=2 ;Mesohepatectomy,n=1; and left hepatectomy + excision of liver metastasis,n=1).ResultsAfter TACE,the diameter of the primary tumour reduced by over 30％ in 6 patients (6/18,33.3％);10％～30％ in 8 patients (8/18,44.4％),and 10％ in 4 patients (4/18,22.2％).Before TACE,the tumours were not encapsulated in 6 patients (33.3％).After TACE,only 1 patient (5.6％) had the tumour remained unencapsulated.After TACE in 6 patients,the primary tumour shrunk to be within a hemiliver,and ultrasound and CT showed the tumours to have defined borders and they were away from the porta hepatis and major blood vessels.In another 6 patients,there were metastases to the contralateral hemilivers but these tumours had all shrunk in size.Selective vascular inflow and outflow occlusion technique was routinely used for liver resection.ConclusionFor primary liver cancers which are not resectable,TACE should be used first.When the tumours shrink in size,radical resectional surgery should be performed as soon as possible.The surgical technique should follow the following principles:-preserve as much normal liver parenchyma as possible,use selective vascular inflow and outflow occlusion technique to avoid ischaemia/reperfusion injury to the remnant liver,and to reduce haemorrhage.The surgery should be carried out by experienced surgeon.

Objective To discuss the surgical treatment of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMN).Methods The clinical data of 42 IPMN cases undergoing surgical treatment in our hospital during the past 4 years were analyzed retrospectively.Results Routine CT or MRI examination was made in 42 cases,ERCP in 6 cases,ultrasonic endoscopy in 12 cases,fine needle biopsy by endoscopic ultrasonography in 4 cases.There were 12 cases of the main duct IPMN,24 cases of branch duct IPMN,6 cases of mixed IPMN.Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed in 24 cases;6 cases underuent laparoscopic central pancreatectomy;10 cases did distal pancreatectomy,2 cases did total pancreatectomy.Postoperative pathology revealed that the malignant transformation rate of main pancreatic duct type was 66.7％,that of BD-IPMN was 12.5％ and 66.7％ of Mix-IPMN.The postoperative complication rate was 26.2％.All cases were followed up for 1 month to 4 years,with no tumor recurrence.Conclusions Imaging examination combined with endoscopic ultrasonography is the main method for clinical diagnosis of IPMN.The malignant transformation rate of MD-IPMN and Mix-IPMN is high.Most of the BD-IPMN is hyperplasia and adenoma.