Objective To study the role of vagusism on diethytlnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats and to explore its mechanism.Methods The rat vagus nerve was labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,33 -tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) tracer.The rats were divided into three groups:cancer induced rat models (cancer-induced group,n =20),cancer-induced and vagal detachment models (combined group,n =20) and normal rats (negative group,n =20),HE staining was performed on the liver tissue biopsied from the three groups of rats.The pathological grading score was evaluated and statistically analyzed.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staing was used to determine the expression of vagal neurotransmitters and related receptors in liver tissue.Results The optimal concentration (1 mg/ml) and fixation duration with formalin (4 days) of DiI tracer marker vagal nerve demonstrated superior distribution and density of vagus nerve in the liver tissue.The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly higher in the cancer-induced group (75％) than combined group (15％),the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).IHC staining results of acetllcholine showed a significant difference between cancerinduced group (9.10) and combined group (2.30) or negative group (2.95),the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The M1 receptor expression was significantly higher in cancer-induced group (6.00) than combined group (2.30) and negative group (2.55),the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference of M2 receptor expression among the cancer-induced group (1.30),combined group (1.25) and negative group (1.35) (P ＞ 0.05).The M3 receptor expression detected with IHC staining shown there were statistical differences among cancer-induced group (8.95),combined group (6.30) and negative group (3.60) (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The vagus nerve may play an important role in the development of DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.

A patient suffering Madelung's disease was treated and the literatures were reviewed in this article. The cause, the clinical features and treatment were discussed. The cause of this disease is unknown, and it is characterized by symmetrical accumulation of fat around the neck,nape and armpit having a appearance of "horse collar"or "hump back". Histological analysis revealed typical fat tissue depositing around the structures. Surgery is the main means of treatment, and prognosis is good.

AIM: To prepare the vaccine of DCs(pcDNA3-hCEA) and observ the immunity effect of the DCs(pcDNA3-hCEA) inoculating on CT26(hCEA +) loaded in BALB/c mice. METHODS: DCs were generated from bone marrow in the presence of rmGM-CSF and rmIL-4. A new recombinant plasmid, pcDNA3-hCEA, reformed with inserting a 2.4 kb human CEA cDNA into pcDNA3. DC vaccine was prepared by transfection with pcDNA3-hCEA using lipofectamine. CEA mRNA expressed in DCs(pcDNA3-hCEA) was confirmed by RT-PCR, CEA expression level was detected with RIA method, and CEA specific CTL was induced in vitro . After vaccination of DCs(pcDNA3-hCEA), the survival time of the BALB/c mice challenged with critical loading CT26(hCEA +) was observed. RESULTS: G418 test showed that about 14% DCs were transfected with pcDNA3-hCEA. And CEA mRNA and protein could be detected respectively by RT-PCR and RIA in the genetically modified DCs. Furthermore, the DCs coud be targeted by specific CTL, the survival time of the mice challenged with CT26(hCEA +) was prolonged 1-4 weeks. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that specific antitumor immune responses could be induced efficiently by vaccination of DCs(pcDNA3-hCEA), which is transfected eukaryotic expression vector encoding tumor antigen gene.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma refers to a kind of malignancy in the ductuli hepaticus communis and the main left or right hepatic duct or their confluence.It is hard to be found in the early stage because of insidious onset and is liable to invade surrounding blood vessels,nerves,lymph nodes.Hence it has a poor prognosis.In recent years,with the in-depth research as well as the development of imageology and methods of treatment,considerable achievements have been made in treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.At present,the treatment methods include surgical resection,liver transplantation,palliative biliary drainage,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,photodynamic therapy and targeted therapy,etc.Surgical resection remains the only curative treatment option.This article reviews the research progress in treatment of HC in order to provide the reference for selection of the optimal treatment program.

Cholecystolithiasis is a common and frequently-occurring disease at home and abroad. Currently, the main therapeutic treatment is surgical cholecystectomy, especially for laparoscopic cholecys-tectomy, which benefits from less trauma and rapid recovery. However, after cholecystectomy, the original way of bile storage, concentration and excretion is changed. The relationship between these changes and digestive tract tumors has caused controversy among scholars at home and abroad. This review summarized the relationship between post-cholecystectomy and cancer of colon, bile duct, pancreas and liver, in order to provide new thinking for precise surgical treatment of gallstones.

Objective: To analyze the implementation status and challenges of sex education in special education schools, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating effective promotion strategies. Methods: From November 2023 to January 2024, a census survey was conducted among 120 in service teachers from 7 special education schools in Luzhou. The questionnaire covered the current status of sex education in schools, teachers attitudes and knowledge toward sex education, and their coping methods for students inappropriate sexual behaviors. Results: About 77.5% of teachers reported having provided sex education to students, but 93.2% indicated a lack of specialized sex education textbooks for special children, 90.4% reported no full time teachers for sex education, and the methods of sex education were relatively limited (50.0% mainly based on lecture method). Nearly 95.8% of teachers held a positive attitude toward sex education, with 98.3% supporting its implementation. Only 26.7% of teachers demonstrated a good grasp of sex education knowledge, with the best understood topic being "recognition and protection of private parts" (21.6%). When dealing with students inappropriate sexual behaviors, the active response rate of teachers was 23.9%, with the highest active response rate observed for "intentionally hugging or kissing the opposite sex" (39.7%). Conclusions The special education schools in Luzhou lack comprehensive sex education curricula, teaching materials and full time teachers, sufficient knowledge among teachers, and adequate proactive responses to students inappropriate sexual behaviors. Greater emphasis should be placed on sex education for special children, including the training of dedicated teachers, to provide comprehensive and high quality sex education services for special children.

In recent years, the worldwide incidence rate of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases has increased year by year, significantly increasing the cardiovascular mortality and incidence rate of the whole population. In the past, peripheral arterial and aortic diseases were often more prone to missed diagnosis and delayed treatment compared to coronary artery disease. The 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases for the first time combines peripheral arterial and aortic diseases, integrating and updating the 2017 guidelines for peripheral arterial disease and the 2014 guidelines for aortic disease. The aim is to provide standardized recommendations for the management of systemic arterial diseases, ensuring that patients can receive coherent and comprehensive diagnosis and treatment, thereby improving prognosis. This article interprets the main content of the guideline in order to provide reference and assistance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases in China at the current stage.

In the era of evidence-based medicine, it is necessary to explore the unique advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) based on standardized technical methods and operating procedures in order to achieve the modernization and internationalization of TCM and benefit all humanity. The proposal of a three-pronged evidence system combining TCM theory, human experience and experimental evidence marks an important progress in the thinking method of the TCM evaluation system. The multi-evidence body integrated through appropriate methods provides a strong support for the clinical guideline recommendations and evidence-based health decision-making in TCM. Based on the current methodological progress of international evidence synthesis and grading, this paper proposes a novel approach for integrating multi-evidence in TCM: the MERGE framework. The aim is to establish a solid foundation for the development of this methodology and provide guidance for the advancement of evidence-based medicine framework in TCM.