Objective To understand and analyse the epidemic status of human intestinal nematode infection in Jiangsu Province, so as to provide basis for making control measures. Methods The typical thirty-nine spots in thirteen counties among the sampling spots of National Investigation on Distribution of Human Parasites in 1990 were selected and investigated according to the Methods of National Investigation Scheme on Human Principal Parasites in 2004. Results The total prevalence was 3.88%, which decreased by 46.92% compared with the investigation in 2002 (7.31%). The infection rates of hookworm, Ascaris and Trichuris were 1.14%, 1.06% and 1.73%, respectively, and the proportion of light infection was 91.75%. The rate of multiple infections was 9.40%. The proportion of hookworm infection was 78.06% in Southern Jiangsu and the proportion of Ascaris or Trichuris was 89.03% in Northern Jiangsu. The infection rate of Enterobius was 3.72% among children aged less than 12 years. Conclusions The prevalence of intestinal nematodes has decreased to lower level in Jiangsu Province. The difference of prevalence in different regions has a relationship with the disease control and social-economic, culture and health levels. The principal control work should be still put in the northern part of Jiangsu Province. The preschool children and the middle and old age peasants are high-risk population. The different control measures should be taken in accordance with the situation of different regions in the future.

Objective To evaluate non-hazardous treatment efficiency of night soil in the three-grille mode septic tanks so as to give the evidence to government for policy-making. Methods One hundred and thirty normally runningthree-grille mode septic tanks were surveyed in five cities of Jiangsu Province in 2009. The fecal samples from first chamber and wastewater samples from third chamber were collected and examined for fecal coliform (FC) , parasite eggs including Schistosoma japonicum eggs, As-caris eggs and hookworm eggs, chemical oxygen demand ( COD), five-day chemical oxygen demand (BOD_5) and ammonia nitrogen (NH,-N) in lab. The data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 13.0. Results The mean qualified rates of FC in the first chamber and third chamber of septic tanks were 3.1% and 100% respectively, showing significant difference (P <0.001). Hookworm eggs and Ascaris eggs were found in the first chamber of one and four septic tanks respectively and the density was one or two eggs in one hundred milliliter. The mean removal rates of FC, COD, BOD_5 and NH_3 -N were (99.96 ± 0.03) % , (60.69 ± 21.77) % , (60.13 ± 23. 20 ) % and (44. 14 ± 24.61) % , respectively. For the value of FC, COD, BOD, and NH_3 -N, there were significant difference between the first chamber and the third chamber (P_(FC) =0.000 1, P_(COD) =0.000 1, P_(BOD5) =0.000 1, P_(NH3-N) = 0.000 1, P < 0.001). Conclusion The treatment efficiency of septic tank could meet the sanitary standard for non-hazardous treatment of night soil, and it could use as a useful primary facility for human feces and urine treatment in rural areas.

Objective To understand the status of soil?transmitted nematode infections in rural residents so as to provide the evidence for formulating the guidance for prevention and control of the diseases. Methods The national surveillance sites of soil?transmitted nematode infections were established in Shuyang County,Suqian City,Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015. At least 1 000 fecal samples of residents aged 3 years or above were collected in every autumn,and the intestinal helminth eggs were detected with the Kato?Katz technique and the Enterubius vermicularis eggs were detected by the cellophane tape method for children aged 3-12 years. The soil samples were collected from vegetable fields,lavatories,courtyards and kitchens to exam?ine Ascaris lumbricoides eggs and larvae of hookworm. Results The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes in residents and E. vermicularis in children reduced from 1.81%(19/1 049)and 4.72%(5/106)in 2006 to 0.25%(3/1 180)and 0(0/263) in 2015,respectively,in the surveillance sites. The infection intensity was mild in all the infected cases. The soil samples were negative for detecting A. lumbricoides eggs and hookworm larvae. Conclusion The infection rates of soil?transmitted nema?todes in the residents and E. vermicularis in the children show a decreasing trend and keep at a low level of prevalence in Shuy?ang County.

Objective To understand the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and related factors among special popu?lation in Changzhou City,so as to provide the evidence for formulating toxoplasmosis prevention measures. Methods The ve?nous blood was collected from participants in Changzhou City for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA;and an epidemiological questionnaire investigation was also conducted. Results Among the total 400 respondents detected,the prevalence of T. gondii infection was 15.0%and the positive rates of IgG and IgM were 15.0%and 0.8%,respectively. The T. gondii infection rates of pregnant women,HIV/AIDS patients,patients with neoplasia,and livestock and poultry breeding and processing workers were 11.0%,11.0%,24.0%and 14.0%,respectively. As the age increased,the infection rate of T. gondii showed an upward trend,with the highest infection rate(21.6%)among the group of respondents aged above 50 years. The in?fection rates of groups with different education levels were statistically different(χ2=11.443,P<0.05),and there was a trend that the infection rate decreased with the increase of education level. The prevalence of T. gondii infection in pregnant women was not significantly associated with the number of pregnancies and gestational age. The infection rate of T. gondii in the live?stock and poultry breeding and processing workers increased with the length of their working years. Conclusions The preva?lence of T. gondii infection among the special population in Changzhou City is high. Therefore,it is necessary to enhance the health education on the knowledge and information of prevention and control of toxoplasmosis,and to improve the awareness of personal protection,the hygiene practices and diet habits. In addition,more attention should be paid to T. gondii monitoring in the special population.

Objective To investigate and analyze the changes of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in rural residents of Jiangsu Province during 13 years and its influencing factors in order to provide the basis of making practical policies for ascariasis control in future. Methods The data were analyzed about the rates of Ascaris infection and mass chemotherapy, per capita income, and the rates of the use of running water and hygienic toilets in the southern part, the middle part and the northern part of Jiangsu Province from 1990 to 2002, and the main influencing factors for Ascaris infection were explored. Results The prevalence rate of Ascaris infection decreased continuously during 13 years, from 39.51% to 2.14%, and the decrease rate was 94.58%. In 2002, the infection rate was the lowest, only 0.41%, decreased by 98.92% in the middle part of Jiangsu Province, and the infection rate was the highest, 5.09%, decreased by 89.97% in the northern part of Jiangsu Province. The accumulated rates of mass chemotherapy were 159.00% in middle part of Jiangsu Province,103.00% in the southern part of Jiangsu Province and 105.00% in the northern part of Jiangsu Prvince.The per capita income, the use of running water and hygienic latrines increased gradually from the northern part to the southern part and there were significant differences in the 3 survey regions. Conclusion The Ascaris infection rate is influenced by mass chemotherapy, economics and health conditions in rural residents, especially the mass chemotherapy.

Objective To understand the status and characteristics of principal human parasitic infections in rural areas of Jiangsu Province in order to provide basis for decision-making of practical control measures. Methods The survey data of principal human parasites in 58 sample sites of 19 counties (cities or areas) in Jiangsu Province were analysed on family clustering by G test, according to the methods of National Investigation Scheme on Principal Human Parasites. Results The infection of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichinra and Clonorchis sinensis in the province had obvious family clustering, while those in each county (city or district) appeared different states in some-points with the changing of parasitic infection rates and infection degrees. Conclusions The infection rates and infection degrees of principal human parasites decrease obviously in Jiangsu Province. The family clustering is disappearing with the dropping of them. Chemotherapy in family and health education should be strengthened to consolidate the control results in future.

Objective To know the contamination status of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water of Jiangsu Province,so as to provide the evidence for producing hygiene and safety drinking water. Methods A total of 28 water plants of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province were selected,and the source water(10 L),chlorinated water(100 L)and tap water(100 L) were collected separately in each site. The water samples were then treated by filtration,washing,centrifuging concentration, immune magnetic separation,and immunofluorescent assay,to detect the numbers of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Results Totally 84 samples from 13 cities were collected,including 28 source water,28 chlorinated water and 28 tap water samples. Among the chlorinated water and tap water samples,no Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were found. Howev-er,Giardia cysts were detected in 3(10.71％,3/28)source water samples(Yancheng,Lianyungang,Changzhou cities),with the density of 1 cyst/10 L of all. Cryptosporidium oocysts were also detected in 3(10.71％,3/28)source water samples(Nan-jing,Zhenjiang,Yangzhou cities),with the density of 1 oocyst/10 L of all. Conclusions The source water in partial areas of Ji-angsu Province has been contaminated by Giardia and Cryptosporidium. To ensure the safety of drinking,the regulation of source water and surveillance of drinking water should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and related knowledge and behavior among special population in Changzhou City,so as to provide the evidence for formulating effective measures of toxoplasmosis prevention. Methods The pregnant women and patients with neoplasia in Changzhou hospitals,and livestock and poultry breeding or processing workers were selected as the subjects of the study. Venous blood samples were collected from each partici-pant for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. A questionnaire investigation on knowledge and behavior about T. gondii infection was conducted. Results Among the total 300 respondents investigated from March to May,2015,the prevalence of T. gondii infection was 16.3％(49/300). Totally 52 respondents knew the knowledge about the prevention and con-trol of T. gondii infection with an awareness rate of 17.3％(52/300). The proportion of participants who frequently contacted with cats/dogs(25.0％,13/52)in the group who knew the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection was lower than that of participants(50.8％,126/248)in the group who did not know the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection,and the difference was statistically significant(X2=11.51,P<0.05). The proportion of participants sepa-rating chopping boards for raw and cooked food(61.5％,32/52)in the group who knew the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection was statistically higher than that of the participants(9.3％,23/248)in the group who did not know the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection,and the difference was statistically significant (X2=78.43,P<0.001). There was a negative correlation between the awareness rate of the knowledge about the prevention and con-trol of T. gondii infection and the infection rate of T. gondii. The infection rate of T. gondii(5.8％,3/52)in the group who knew the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection was lower than that(18.5％,46/248)of the group who did not know the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection,and the difference was statistically significant (X2=5.14,P<0.05). Conclusions The awareness rate of the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infec-tion among special population in Changzhou City is low. The health education on the knowledge of the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis should be strengthened,in order to improve the awareness of personal hygiene and change the unhealthy lifestyles and dietary habits.

Objective:To analyze the long-term prognosis and prognostic factors of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA) in children suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF).Methods:An observational study was performed.All children who were admitted to the Department of Respiratory, Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from August 2014 to June 2018, with more than 2 years of followed up for the diagnosis of CF accompanied by ABPA were involved.Results:Three children met the inclusion criteria, with 2 boys and 1 girl, and their diagnostic age were 14, 8 and 9 years old, respectively.The follow-up duration ranged from 2 to 6 years.All the 3 cases were treated with systemic corticosteroids and antifungal agent.In case 1, the initial dose of prednisone was 0.75 mg/(kg·d), and the course of treatment was more than 5 years.The corticosteroid-dependent patient suffered from expectoration and chest pain, and radiographic findings indicated exacerbation, while his lung function was normal.Treating with initial dose of prednisone 2 mg/(kg·d) for 9 months, case 2 had normal serum immunoglobulin E(IgE) concentration, but his pulmonary artery was infiltrated by lesions, thus leasing to lobectomy.In case 3, the initial dose of prednisone was 0.6 mg/(kg·d), and the course of treatment was 18 months.And she developed persistent hypoxemia, and decreased pulmonary function, so lung transplantation was necessary 2 years after diagnosis.Conclusions:Systemic glucocorticoid combined with antifungal therapy is the main treatment for CF with ABPA, but there are individual differences in the efficacy.The level of serum total IgE is not always consistent with lung function and chest images.The overall prognosis is poor, and it is infeasible to evaluate the prognosis by single factor.