As an important device of modern medical treatment,medical monitor is a combination of modern electronics technology,computer technology and medical technology.In this paper,the development of medical monitors in China is summarized,especially the main technique characteristics of medical monitor in Chinese market.The examples of monitors made in China are presented.

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is an inflammatory lung injury induced by a variety of factors, and these diseases are associated with high rates of mortality due to the lack of effective treatments. Based on the latest research in ALI/ARDS, it is widely accepted that generalized inflammatory responses play a critical role in initiating and developing process of ALI/ARDS. We make a brief review on the immune-pathogenesis and the signaling pathways of ALI/ARDS from the perspective of inflammation, thereby helping develop novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of patients with ALI/ARDS.

Objective To observe changes in the working memory and brain functional imaging on functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) after 36 hours sleep deprivation (SD) in healthy volunteers and to explore the possible mechanism of the changes.Methods FMRI scannings were performed in ten male healthy young volunteers before and after 36 hours SD and results were analyzed using SPM2 software.Subjects were also tested LTR and PLUS task to measure the persistence and operation of working memory before and after 36 hours SD.Results The reaction time of LTR task after 36 hours SD ( (866 ± 102) ms)was significantly longer than that before SD ( (754 ± 91 ) ms, t = 2.59, P < 0.01 ).The reaction time of PLUS task after SD ( (848 ± 94) ms) was significantly longer ( t = 2.37, P < 0.05 ) than that before SD ( (756 ± 79) ms).The error rate of LTR task after SD (95.3% ± 3.56% ) was significantly higher (t=3.52,P < 0.01 ) than that before SD (84.8% ± 8.71% ).The error rate of PLUS task after SD (95.7% ±4.72% ) was significantly higher (t =3.38 ,P <0.01 ) than that before SD (84.2% ±9.66% ).There were no significant differences between the two tasks.The frontal and parietal lobes, anterior cingulate gyrus and thalamus were activated during memory tasks testing before SD.Brain activation was broader and stronger in PLUS task than in LTR task.After SD, activation in parietal lobe was decreased and activation in prefrontal and thalamus was increased significantly.Conclusions The working memory performance decreased after SD.Both LTR and PLUS tasks of working memory activate frontal and parietal lobes, anterior cingulate gyrus and thalamus.The activation of parietal lobe decreased and the activation of prefrontal lobe and thalamus increased after 36 hours SD.This is the possible mechanism of SD to causes the cognition decline.

BACKGROUND:Animal studies have shown that cauda equina compression can induce apoptosis of lumbosacral spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the pathological change in lumbosacral spinal cord after acute cauda equina compression in dogs.
METHODS:A total of 27 dogs were randomly divided into nine groups, with three dogs in each group. There were one normal control group, seven experimental groups and one sham surgery group. In the experimental group, an empty water sac was implanted above epidural fat below L6 vertebral plate. Compression was given by injecting water at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. In the sham surgery group, an empty water sac was implanted, but compression was not given. At the time of compression, the spinal cord sent out by cauda equina nerve and adjacent to the head end was subjected to histopathological examination.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Results of light microscope:at 4-48 hours of compression, spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons did not alter. At 72 hours, motor neurons became smal , cel membrane shrank and separated from surrounding tissues. Cel s were homogenous and darkly stained. At 168 hours, motor neurons disappeared, but spinal cord sections of the adjacent head end did not shown abnormal motor neurons in the spinal cord anterior horn. (2) Results of electron microscope:at 12 hours, spinal cord tissue began to swel , and the swel ing aggravated with prolonged time of compression. The swel ing of glial cel s was apparent. At 168 hours, myelin sheath structure dissolved;axons showed vacuolization;axoplasm spil ed, and exhibited inflammatory injury-like changes. (3) Apoptotic results of spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons:apoptosis appeared at 12 hours of compression, became increased, and showed an increased trend at 168 hours.

Objective To investigate both in mechanism of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) by vivo experiment,to observe the Bruton' s tyrosine kinase (Btk) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signals expression level.Methods Total of 72 healthy male Kunming mice were randomly (random number) divided into four groups:air control group,hyperoxia exposure 3 days group (H3d group),hyperoxia exposure 3 days + inhibitor group (H3d + Ⅰ group) and inhibitor groups.Then the pathological changes of lung tissues were observed under light microscope;The total protein content (TP) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of lung were detected;The protein expression of Btk,p-Btk,pNF-κB p65 were mersured by Western blot;tlhe mRNA level of IL-6 was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR);the level of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in serum was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Statistcal significance was determined by 1-way ANOVA.Results There were no significant difference in the data between the control group and the inhibitor group (P ＞ 0.05).The pathological injury in light microscope,content of total protein in BALF,W/D ratio of lung tissues in H3d group were significantly higher than H3d + Ⅰ group (Respectively P =O.002,P =0.000).Western blot analysis showed that expression of Btk,p-Btk,pNF-κB p65 in H3d group were significantly higher than those in H3d + Ⅰ group (Respectively P =0.002,P =0.013,P =0.000).RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of IL-6 mRNA in H3d group were significantly higher than control group (P =0.004),inhibitor group (P =0.000) and H3d + Ⅰ group (P =0.021).In addition,The serum MCP-1 levels in H3d group were higher markely than the control group (P =0.002),inhibitor group (P =0.000) and H3d + Ⅰ group (P =0.009).The correlation analysis showed that pNF-κB p65 were positively correlated wiht Btk and p-Btk (r =0.902 and 0.954,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Btk may trigger the release of IL-6 and MCP-1 by mediating the signaling pathway of NF-κB in vivo study,which was most important in the occurrence of HALI.Therefore,inhibiting the Btk activity would alleviate the severity of lung injury effectively.

Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a continuous process of damage of liver cells,which could cause a series of clinic reactions.Early owing to IRI,organ failure reaches 10％,and easily leads to acute and chronic liver transplantation rejection.Therefore,study on the treatment method of IRI is very important.Decreasing the adverse effect of IRI could significantly increase the amount of successful liver transplantation.This paper will explore mainly on the pretreatment methods of IRI.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of zinc in Mongolia patent drug Zhuangxiyin Powder. METHODS: Differential pulse stripping voltammetry was employed for measurement of zinc. RESULTS: The zinc content in three samples of the drug was (493+/-11.95)microg/g, (526+/-13.74)microg/g and (554+/-9.84) microg/g respectively, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.42%, 2.61% and 1.78% respectively. CONCLUSION: The content of zinc in Zhuangxiyin Powder of daily dosage is higher than the needed daily intake of healthy people.

Objective To explore the expression level and clinical significance of multifunctional CD8 T cells in patients with tuberculosis (TB). Methods The expression levels of MTB antigen specific and non-specific multifunctional CD8 T cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) in TB patients, latent tuberculosis infection patients (LTBI) and healthy controls (HC) were measured by flow cytometry. Results The expression level of multifunctional CD8 T cells (IL-2+IFN-γ+TNF-α+CD8 T cells) among PBMCs stimulated by non-specific MTB antigen in TB patients was (5.72 ± 4.32)%, which was significantly lower than those in HC and LTBI [(22.3 ± 15.7)%, q=7.455, P<0.001;(14.2 ± 7.72)%, q=3.110, P<0.05]. Under the stimulation by specific MTB antigen, the expression level of multifunctional CD8 T cells among PBMCs in TB patients was (0.33 ± 0.83)%, which was significantly higher than those in HC and LTBI [(0.017 ± 0.03)%, q=3.97, P<0.05;(0.019 ± 0.035)%, q=3.39, P<0.05]. In patients with tuberculous pleurisy, the expression level of multifunctional CD8 T cells among PFMCs was (0.623 ± 1.033)%, which was significantly higher than that among PBMCs [(0.034 ± 0.066)%, P<0.001]. The expression level of multifunctional CD8 T cells in TB patients was negatively correlated with HRCT score (r=-0.265 8, P=0.015 8). Conclusion The expression level of multifunctional CD8 T cells was contributed to discriminate TB patients from latent tuberculosis infection patients , and was closely related to the degree of damage in lung.

The relationship between pyroptosis and immune microenvironment and disease has received increasing attention. Pyroptosis plays a dual role in anti-tumor immunotherapy by promoting the release of inflammatory factors, forming the tumor microenvironment and suppressing tumour immunity on the one hand, and inducing the tumour inflammatory response to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells on the other hand. The relationship between pyroptosis, immune microenvironment and tumors is different in different tissues and genetic backgrounds. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and the regulatory role of tumor immune microenvironment in hematologic malignancies, with a view to providing ideas for the anti-hematologic malignancies treatment and research based on the target of pyroptosis-regulated immune microenvironment.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical characteristics and short-term survival of patients with splenomegaly and acute-on-chronic liver failure related to chronic HBV infection.

METHODSElectronic medical records of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure were collected to analyze the clinical parameters and 4-week survival of patients with or without splenomegaly.

RESULTSOf the 149 patients enrolled, the overall 28-day mortality rate was 48.3%, which was lower in patients with enlarged spleen than those without (34.2% vs 54.1%, P=0.034). Compared with patients without splenomegaly, patients with splenomegaly had lower platelet counts (P=0.001), lower ALT levels (P=0.005) and lower PT-INR (P=0.010). Although the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy was comparable between patients with or without splenomegaly, severe conditions were more frequent in those without splenomegaly. Hepatic encephalopathy grades, serum creatinine levels, neutrophil percentages over 70%, PT-INR and splenomegaly were independent factors associated with the 28-day survival, and this novel model was superior to model of end-stage of liver disease in predicting the 4-week survival (P=0.017).

CONCLUSIONPatients with splenomegaly that evolves into acute-on-chronic liver failure have unique clinical characteristics and further clinical observations are warranted.

Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure ; mortality ; physiopathology ; Chronic Disease ; Hepatic Encephalopathy ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Splenomegaly ; mortality ; physiopathology