While multiple step saccades (MSS) are occasionally reported in the healthy population, they are more evident in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, MSS has been suggested as a biological marker for the diagnosis of PD. However, the lack of clarity on the neural mechanism underlying the generation of MSS largely impedes their application in the clinic. We have proposed recently that MSS are triggered by the discrepancy between desired and executed saccades. Accordingly, brain regions involved in saccadic planning and execution might play a role in the generation of MSS. To test this hypothesis, we explored the role of the prefrontal (PFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in generating MSS by conducting two experiments: electroencephalographic recording and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in the PFC or PPC of humans while participants were performing a gap saccade task. We found that the PFC and PPC are involved in the generation of MSS.
Humans ; Parietal Lobe/physiology* ; Saccades/physiology* ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology* ; Male ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Female ; Electroencephalography ; Adult ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of semaglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus,and to provide evidence-based reference in clinic. METHODS:Retrieved from Wangfang,CNKI,PubMed,Embase,Medline and the Cochrane library,randomized controlled trials(RCTs)about semaglutide alone or combined with other hypoglycemic drugs(trial group)versus placebo or other hypoglycemic medicine alone or combination(control group)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus were collected. After data extraction and literature quality evaluation,Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 software. RESULTS:Totally 7 literatures were included,involving 7 708 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with control group,the level of glycosylated hemoglobin [vs. placebo:MD＝－1.48,95%CI(－1.68,－1.28),P＜0.001;vs. positive control medicine:MD＝－0.95,95%CI(－1.17,－0.73),P＜0.001],fasting plasma glucose [vs. placebo:MD＝－1.87, 95%CI(－2.25,－1.50),P＜0.001;vs. positive control medicine:MD＝－1.07,95%CI(－1.58,－0.55),P＜0.001],body weight [vs. placebo:MD＝－3.15,95%CI(－3.98,－2.32),P＜0.001;vs. positive control medicine:MD＝－3.64,95%CI (－4.60,－2.69),P＜0.001] and body weight index [vs. placebo:MD＝－1.11,95%CI(－1.40,－0.81),P＜0.001;vs. positive control medicine:MD＝－1.34,95%CI(－1.67,－1.00),P＜0.001] in trial group were decreased significantly. For safety,the incidence of nausea and diarrhea of somaglutide was significantly higher than control group(P＜0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Semaglutide showes superiority in reducing the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin,fasting plasma glucose,body weight and body weight index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,but the occurrence of nausea and diarrhea in patient should be monitored.

The purpose of this study was to understand the long term changes in clinical picture and the markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients with hepatitis B, and to provide an objective evalution and a beneficial countermeasure. Altogether 182 patients with hepatitis B diagonsed by histopathological assay had been followed up for 1 to 15 years.The serum samples were collected and tested for liver fonction, markers of HBV and HBV DNA level once every year. The results showed that of the 182 patients, 14 died, 15 developed liver cirrhosis, and 6 developed liver cancer. HBsAg and HBeAg seroconversion happened in 13 6% and 87 9% of the patients, respectively. The percentage of positive HBsAg in patients older than 60 decreased at a great rate. Our conclusion in the markers of HBV in patients with chronic hepatitis B could dissapear automatically or, on the contrary could hardly dissapear, resulting persistentce of liver damage. The patients with liver cirrhosis could live for a iong time if they took good care of their health properly.