Objective To explore the regulatory effects of HTLV-1 ( human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 ) Tax protein on the expression of HMGB 1 ( high mobility group box 1 ) gene in T cells .Methods Total RNA and protein were extracted from Tax +-T cells ( TaxP ) , Tax--T cells ( TaxN ) and Jurkat cells which were stably transfected with pCMV-Tax and pCMV-Neo, respectively.Then, the expression levels of HMGB1 mRNA and protein in different CD 4+T cells were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot (WB).By using liposome-mediated method, pGL3-HMGB1-luc reporter genes and pGL3-neo-luc were tran-siently transfected into TaxP and TaxN cells and the basal transcriptional activity was observed in different T cells.Additionally, pCMV-Tax and pGL3-HMGB1-luc reporter genes were also co-transfected into Jurkat cells and the regulatory effects of Tax protein on HMGB 1 gene was detected .The chromatin immunoprecipi-tation (ChIP) assay was used to identify HMGB1 genomic sites directly targeted by Tax .Results The ex-pression levels of HMGB1 mRNA and protein in Tax+-T cells ( TaxP) were higher than those in Tax--T cells (TaxN).The transcription regulation trends for HMGB1 gene in TaxN and TaxP cells were similar but not identical in diverse T cells.pHLuc3 (containing -504-+83 HMGB1) showed the highest transcriptional ac-tivity of HMGB1 gene in both TaxP and TaxN cells , but HMGB1 transcriptional activity of pHLuc 6 in TaxP cells was significantly stronger than that in TaxN cells .Luciferase assays also showed that Tax protein promo-ted the transcription of HMGB1 gene in a dose-dependent manner .The ChIP assay further confirmed that Tax protein enriched at the HMGB1 region of -1163--1043.Conclusion The region of nt -504--383 is essen-tial for the basal promoter activity of -1163-+83 HMGB1 gene originated from pHLuc 6 reporter plasmid , and Tax protein enriched probably at the HMGB 1 site of -1163--1043 enhances HMGB1 transcription.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the acquaintance to orthodontics and possible factors that obstruct orthodontic treatment in middle school students in zones with different economic levels in Jiangjin, Chongqing.

METHODSThe students were randomly divided into four groups: A class from a junior high school in town (group 1), a class from a senior high school in town (group 2), a class from a junior high school in the countryside (group 3), a class from a senior high school in the countryside (group 4). The information was collected by questionnaire, and the statistical analysis of results was carried out by SPSS 17.0 software.

RESULTSSex made difference in the acquaintance to orthodontics treatment. Girls worried more about teeth extraction and pain that may occur during treatment than the boys. Students in the city had more access to related consultations compared to those in the countryside. Different economic conditions made much contribution to the proportion to go for orthodontics treatment in cities and rural areas. The evaluation from families and friends may affect patients' subjective estimation to themselves.

CONCLUSIONOrthodontists should learn more about student patiens from various aspects, and make different therapies according to their sexes, economic conditions of family, education levels, etc. Only so can orthodontists get better compliance from their patients.

Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Orthodontics ; Students