The incidence of pancreatic cancer is increasing and it ranks 7th in all cancer-related deaths in China.Pancreatic carcinoma is characterized by extremely poor prognosis and rapid progression, with no improvement in the 5-year survival rate over the last decade. Surgical resection remains a major treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer, but effective comprehensive treatments are still needed. Current researches of pancreatic cancer pathology mainly focus on the molecular mechanism of pancreatic cancer development, oncogenes and suppressor genes, and invasion and metastasis. It is also very important to search for new markers for early diagnosis and prognosis and to develop novel therapeutic targets. This paper presents the recent progression of pathology and molecular pathology of pancreatic carcinoma.

Mitochondria play important roles in cellular energy metabolism,free radical generation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most profound features of cancer cells. Several distinct differences between the mitochondria of normal cells and cancer cells have been observed at the molecular,biochemical,metabolic and genetic levels. In this article,we review the relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and carcinogenesis of cancer cells. The possible mechanisms are also discussed.

Wnt signal transduction pathway plays a very important role in embryonic development, and its abnormality may lead to developmental defects and cellular malignant transformation. It has been shown that disturbances of the Wnt signal transduction pathway were significantly related to human neoplastic transformation. The core mechanism of the pathway abnormality was the accumulation of free ?-catenin protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus resulting in the expressions of specific target genes by downstream pathway. This paper reviews the composition and structural character, transduction and regulation of the Wnt signal pathway and its relation with human tumorigenesis.

Objective To discuss the pe rc utaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD) therapy by adopting the Nd: YAG Laser C L-50 Device under X-ray monitor supervision. Methods A total of 378 cases were included in this study. There was 198 males and 180 fe males, the age ranged from 19 to 76 years, with the average of 43.9 years, and the course of diseases from 1 month to 16 years. 17 cases of lumbar interverteb ral disc prolapse were diagnosed between L2 and L3, 35 cases between L3 and L4, 140 cases between L4 and L5, and 116 cases between L5 and S1. 60 cases with two intervertebral disc prolapses at the same time, and 10 cases with three interve rtebral disc prolapses at the same time. A total of 458 intervertebral-dis c operations were conducted with PLDD. All the cases selected had been examined by CT or MRI, and their clinical symptoms and physical signs were in compliance with the diagnosis standards for prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc. Results After PLDD operation, 268 cases were cured within 1 month with a cure rate of 70.90%; 259 cases were cured in 3 months with a cu re rate of 68.52%, 260 cases were cured in 6 months with a cure rate of 68 .25%. Stable results were found with curing satisfaction rate, effective rate and failure rate. Conclusion X-ray guided PLDD therapy is an ideal non-operative therapy for curing lumbar intervertebral disc prolap se with micro-trauma, little pain, quick recovery and good effect. PLDD has ac hieved encouraging effects both in its recent clinical outcome and long term eff ect as well.

Objective:To construct subtractive cDNA library from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells transactivated by C-terminally truncated 40 amino acids using suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) technique and to clone the associated genes.Methods: Huh-7 cells were separately transfected with pcDNA3(-) harboring the sequence of HBx protein C-terminally truncated 40 amino acids and pcDNA3(-) harboring the full length sequence of HBx protein vectors.The total RNAs were isolated from the transfected Huh-7 cells and were reversely transcripted into double strand cDNAs.After the cDNAs were digested with restriction enzyme RsaⅠ,they were divided into 2 groups and were ligated to the special adaptor 1 and adaptor 2R,respectively.The tester cDNAs were then hybridized with driver cDNAs twice and the products were amplified twice by nested PCR technique.The PCR products were connected with pUCm-T plasmid vectors to establish the subtractive library.Amplification of the library was carried out with E.coli strain JM109.The inserts of cDNAs were sequenced and analyzed in GenBank with Blast search.Results: The subtractive cDNA library was successfully constructed.The amplified library contained 154 positive clones,and colony PCR showed that these clones contained 200-800 bp inserts;some fragments coded proteins involved proto-oncogenes,cell signaling genes,cell growth factor genes,cell apoptosis genes,metabolism and protein synthesis genes.Conclusion: Subtractive cDNA library has been successfully constructed by SSH technique,which may help to clone novel genes transactivated by HBx C-terminally truncated 40 amino acids and to explore the molecular mechanism of hepatoma pathogenesis.

Monoclonal antibodies, CAb-15 and CAb-16, were produced by using of spleen cells from Balb/c mice immunized with cell suspension of fresh hepatoma tissues with mouse myeloma Sp 2/0 cells. Western blotting showed that the antigen determinant of CAb-15 was situated on the ?_1 [Ⅲ] polypeptide chains and that of CAb-16 on the triple helical domain. The monoclonal antibodies were also used for immunohistochemical localization by ABC method in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of normal tissues from liver, kidney, aorta, skin, cartilage, placenta, stomach, breast and granulation tissues. The results showed that these antibodies are useful in immunohistochemical study for collagen.

Objective:To investigate the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in urine exfoliated cells of benign and malignant urothelial diseases, in an attempt to evaluate the role of detecting hTERT gene expression in cytologic diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Methods: The expressions of hTERT gene were detected by immunocytochemistry staining in 54 patients with transitional cell carcinoma(25 cases with grade Ⅰ, 26 with grade Ⅱ and 13 with grade Ⅲ) and 20 controls, including 10 patients with urinary tract stone and 10 healthy volunteers. The urine exfoliative cells of both groups were also stained by H-E and the results were compared with those of immunocytochemistry.Results: hTERT was detected in 74.1% (40/54) of patients with transitional cell carcinoma and in 5%(1/20) of the controls (P

Objective To analyze the clinical symptoms,pathological features and K-ras mutation alterations of intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN),and to better understand ITPN.Methods We collected the clinical data of 3 cases of ITPNs of Changhai Hospital and 16 cases in literature,and analyzed the morphology,K-ras mutation,immunophenotype of tumor cells by routine H&E staining,immonohistochemistry,and fluorescence PCR.Then it was compared with 81 cases of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT).Results All the 3 patients of ITPN were male,with a median age of 43 years.Two lesions were located in pancreatic head and 1 case in pancreatic body and tail.ITPNs presented as intraductal solid masses,and consisted of cells with uniformly median-to-high grade nuclear atypia,and tumor cells were arranged as glandular and cribriform.One case was accompanied with invasive ductal adenocarcinoma and peripancreatic lymph node metastasis.All tumor cells of epithelial marker cytokeratin was positively expressed,and p53 was positively expressed in some tumor cells.However,CHR,NSE,MUC2 and MUC5AC were negatively expressed,and K-ras mutation was not detected.The tumor cells of IPMT were presented as papillary pattern and cribriform structure was observed.The majority of cells were mucous epithelium,or goblet cells (intestinal type),a few were eosinophilic epithelium (eosinophilic cells type) and cuboidal epithelium (pancreatic,biliary duct type),MUC2 and MUC5AC was positively expressed,and K-ras mutation rate was 50％.Conclusions As a new tumor entity of pancreas,ITPNs show distinctive features with IPMTs.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of preoperative three-dimensional CT scan parameters to restore postoperative limb length and reduce postoperative dislocation in patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA).Methods Clinical data of two groups involving 86 cases that had primary unilateral THA were included.In study group 45 cases were operated on with the measurement of contralateral acetabular anteversion, acetabular abduction angle, distance from femoral neck osteotomy to the center of rotation of the femoral head and distance from femoral trochanter tip to the center of rotation based on three-dimensional CT scan.Another 41 cases under conventional surgery which not used these parameters served as control.Surgical efficacy was compared to verify the role of CT scan parameters in restoring postoperative limb length and reducing postoperative dislocation.Results Period of follow-up was (11.2 ± 6.2) months in study group and (11.6 ± 6.2) months in control group.Harris hip score in study group was (87.2 ± 5.4) points versus (80.9 ± 7.9) points in control group three months after operation (P ＜ 0.05).Limb length discrepancy in study group was (0.4 ± 0.2) cm versus (1.1 ± 0.4) cm in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Each group had one dislocation three months after operation.Conclusion The parameter measurement with three-dimensional CT scan has some guiding significance in THA.

To observe whether there is an interaction between hepatitis virus B (HBV) and tumor suppressor p53, plasmid PCMVp53 was transfected or cotransfected with pCMVHBV a (wild type HBV) or PCMVHBV b (mutation type HBV) into the hepatoma cell line 7721 by phosphate calcium precipitation. Apoptosis cells were labeled by annexin Ⅴ FITC and detected by flow cytometry. Another experiment was performed by cotransfecting the cells with reporter plasmid p21 luc in each group mentioned above, then the luciferase activity was measured. The results showed that the cells transfected by pCMVp53 alone exhibited high luciferase activity and high apoptosis rate. Meanwhile, the luciferase activity and apoptosis rate were further higher in cells cotransfected by pCMVp53 and PCMVHBV a , but remained unchanged in cells cotransfected by PCMVp53 and PCMVHBV b. The results indicated that P53 could induce of 7721 cell apoptosis by activating p21 transcription, and such effect could be enhanced by HBV.