Objective To evaluate the sonographic features of testicular adrenal rests tumors in minor males. Methods The sonographic feature of pathologically or clinically confirmed testicular adrenal rests tumor in 13 minor males was retrospectively analyzed;we analyzed the number, morphology and size of affected testis; the involvement of testicular mediastinum; lesion location; the growth pattern, shape, boundaries, size, internal echo and blood supply of lesions. Results All of the 13 cases were bilateral and there were 26 lesions in all, 5 cases (5/13, 39%) had normal testicular size and morphology, testicular mediastinum were seen in 12 cases (12/13, 92%);26 (26/26, 100%) TARTs were all located near the testicular mediastinum or the testis hilar;21 (21/26, 81%) lesions had irregular shape while 5 (5/26, 19%) lesions were round;26 (26/26, 100%) lesions all had clear boundary but had no echo envelope;the lesion size was (1.5 ± 1.0) cm in average;13 (13/26 , 50%) lesions showed homogeneous hypoecho, 11 (11/26, 42%) lesions showed inhomogeneous hypoecho and 2 (2/26, 8%) lesions showed inhomogeneous isoecho; 19 (19/26,73%) lesions displayed rich blood supply and 7 (7/26, 27%) lesions displayed scarce blood supply. Conclusion The sonographic appearance of TART in minor males was characteristic, ultrasonography has important clinical value.

Objective To evaluate the ablation zone and temperature changes in the liver caused by laser ablation in vitro and in vivo.Methods Single needle single point laser ablation was performed in vitro with porcine liver using 5 W and 7 W-power and in vivo with rabbit liver using 5 W-power.All energy outputs were 1 800 J.The ablation zone and temperature changes were evaluated.Results Coagulation caused by laser ablation was divided into a black carbonized area and a brown white necrotic area from inside to out,respectively.The mean in vitro ablation range obtained by 5 W and 7 W-power laser ablation was 1.9 cm × 1.2 cm × 1.2 cm and 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm,respectively.The mean in vitro black carbonized range obtained by 5 W and 7 W-power laser ablation was 1.1 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm and 1.4 cm × 0.7 cm ×0.7 cm,respectively.The average maximum temperature using 5 W-power was 243.57 ℃,62.47 ℃ and 34.27 ℃ in the ablation center,5 mm from the center,and 10 mm from the center,respectively.For in vivo liver experimentation,the average maximum temperature using 5 W-power was 62.26 ℃ and 44.35 ℃5 mm and 10 mm from the center,respectively.Conclusion Laser ablation can cause coagulation necrosis of the liver tissue in vitro and in vivo,and the ablation range increased with increasing power.Laser ablation may have potential use in the ablation of tumor localized in critical sites.

Objective To investigate the utility of virtual endoscopy ultrasound Fly-Thru in the diagnosis of obstructive bile duct diseases.Methods One-hundred patients with obstructed bile duct diseases underwent Fly-Thru examination.All Fly-Thru images were reviewed by two radiologists with different experience.The capabilities of Fly-Thru for bile duct obstructive degree evaluation and distinguishing malignant lesion from benign one were assessed respectively.Results The accuracy and sensitivity of Fly-Thru image in obstruction degree evaluation were 70.59％ and 89.2％ (95％CI 74.6％-96.9％).The diagnosis accuracy of 2DUS for lesion characteristics increased from 80％ to 84％,accompany with Fly-Thru images,especially for lesions in common bile duct from 77.2％ to 86.0％ (x2 =14.399,P =0.001).Conclusions The virtual endoscopy ultrasound Fly-Thru is only partly capable to display the obstructed degree of some bile ducts,but it can improve the diagnostic accuracy of common bile duct diseases.

Objective To evaluate the safety and effective of ultrasound-guide percutaneous radio frequency ablation (RFA).Methods Retrospectively analyze the incident,management and influence factors of complication of ultrasound-guide percutaneous RFA.Results From 2001 to 2011,536 patients with 762 lesions underwent RFA were enrolled in this study.Incident of RFA complication was 2.03％ (11/536),including 5 (0.92％) major complication.The complication covered fever (1 case),massive hydrothorax (2 cases),hydrothorax accompany with ascites (1 case),massive ascites (1 case),liver abscess (1 case),liver capsule hemorrhage (1 case) and hemothrorax (1 case).No RFA relate mortality was observed.According to logistics regression analysis,the liver function Child-Pugh grading was associated with the RFA complication (P =0.005).Conclusions Ultrasound-guide percutaneous RFA is a safe and effective local treatment approach for hepatocellular carcinoma.It's necessary to comprehensively think over the basic condition of patients and the characters of tumor such as tumor location,size and abutting organs.Nevertheless,an appropriate treatment plan and closely monitor during and after RFA are crucial.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of quality of shear wave elastography (SWE) image and the reproducibility of using SWE for focal liver lesions .Methods A total number of 289 consecutive patients with 305 lesions (the lesions could be detected on baseline ultrasound with intercostals approach ,and the depth of lesion was less than 10 cm) were undergone SWE examination .The SWE values of both lesion and adjacent liver parenchyma were measured .The quality of images was classified into three grades:“Good” ,“Common” ,and “Poor” .The depth of lesion ,the distance from body surface to liver capsule ,diameter and location of lesion were compared among three groups .Twenty consecutive patients with 20 lesions were performed SWE by two operators and another 20 consecutive patients with 20 lesions were performed SWE by one operator at different time .Intra‐class correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the reproducibility of inter‐ and intra‐ observer .Results A total number of 179 lesions were“Good” ,107“Common” and 19 “Poor” .The distance from body surface to liver capsule was significantly different among three groups [(Good (1 3.4 ± 0 3.5)cm ,Common (1 6.3 ± 0 3.6)cm ,Poor (1 8.7 ± 0 3.9)cm , P < 0 0.01] .No significant difference was found for the depth ,diameter and location of lesions among three groups .For all parameters of SWE both lesion and adjacent parenchyma ,intra‐class correlation coefficient of inter‐and intra‐observer were higher than 0 7.5 .The reproducibility of max SWE value was best of four elasticity parameters for lesion ,which intra‐class correlation coefficient of inter‐and intra‐observer was 0 9.0 and 0 9.6 ,respectively .Conclusions For focal liver lesions which could be detected on baseline ultrasound and the depth of lesions was less than 10 cm ,SWE could be used to evaluate elasticity characteristics with good feasibility and reproducibility .

Objective To evaluate the correlation between the imaging features on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and pathological characteristics of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC).Methods Forty patients with pathologically proven hepatic CHC were evaluated,the CEUS imaging findings and pathological characteristics of CHC were retrospectively analyzed.Results On CEUS,peripheral irregular rim-like enhancement,diffuse heterogeneous enhancement and diffuse homogeneous enhancement were illustrated in 13(32.5 ％),21 (52.5 ％) and 6(15.0％) lesions,respectively.Pathological findings showed that HCC-predominance,CC-predominant,and similar proportions of the two components were illustrated in 16 (40.0 ％),19 (47.5 ％) and 5 (12.5 ％) cases,respectively.The presence of necrosis were illustrated in 28 (70.0％) cases.On CEUS,when the enhancement pattern was peripheral irregular rim-like enhancement,CC-predominance and necrosis were presented in 11(84.6％) and 10(76.9％) cases,respectively.When the enhancement pattern was diffuse heterogeneous enhancement,CC-predominance and necrosis were presented in 11(52.4％) and 18(85.7％) cases,respectively.When the enhancement pattern was diffuse homogeneous enhancement,HCC-predominance and necrosis were presented in 4(66.6％) and 0 (0％) cases,respectively.There were significant differences in relative proportion of HCC,CC components and tumor necrosis among the three types of enhancement pattern on CEUS (P =0.009 and P ＜ 0.001).When CHCs were ≤ 5 cm,peripheral irregular rim-like enhancement,diffuse heterogeneous enhancement and diffuse homogeneous enhancement were illustrated in 5,3 and 5 cases,respectively.When CHCs were ＞5 cm,peripheral irregular rim-like enhancement,diffuse heterogeneous enhancement and diffuse homogeneous enhancement were illustrated in 8,18 and 1 cases,respectively.There were significant differences in the three types of enhancement pattern between lesion size of ≤5 cm and ＞5 cm on CEUS (P =0.006).Conclusions The imaging findings of CHC on CEUS depends on the relative proportions of HCC and CC component and on size-dependent patterns.

Objective To comparatively analyze CEUS features of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Thirty-one patients with HBV-related CHC and 31 patients with HBV-related HCC confirmed by pathology were enrolled and CEUS features were compared.Results On CEUS,HBV-related CHC and HBV-related HCC mainly manifested as hyper-enhanced in arterial phase and hypo-enhanced in portal phase and delayed phase.No significant differences of enhancement level on CEUS were found between HBV-related CHC and HBV-related HCC.When the maximum diameter of tumor ≤3.0 cm,both HBV-related CHC and HBV-related HCC were mainly homogeneous enhancement (P=1.000).When the maximum diameter of tumor more than 3.0 cm,diffuse heterogeneous enhancement and peripheral irregular rim-like enhancement were more commonly observed in HBV-related CHC,while diffuse heterogeneous enhancement was more commonly noted in HBV-related HCC (P=0.001).Conclusion The enhancement pattern of HBV-related CHC ＞3.0 cm has relative specific performance.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of our new found 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound 3D-CEUS registration system as an early assessment of the therapeutic response to radio frequency ablation for liver cancer Methods Twenty-seven patients with 28 lesions accepted 3D-CEUS before and after radio frequency ablation RFA the therapeutic respond to which would be assessed with 3D-CEUS registration system recording the rate of successful registration The CT was considered as the reference standard Results Ten cases 35 7% were successful matched with auto-registration and 24 cases 85 7% were succesful matched with interactive-registration relatively All cases were considered as complete ablated which were confirmed by CECT with 100% accuracy There were two cases achieving ablation margins ≥5 mm without local tumor progression LTP and nineteen cases achieving 0 -4 mm ablation margin with 3 LTP 3-month 6-month and 1-year later Conclusions The 3D-CEUS interactive-registration system can easily assess the therapeutic response of RFA in liver cancer immediately with high accuracy.

Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for the maximum diameter ≤2 cm metastatic liver cancer (MLC). Methods: Sixty-nine pathologically diagnosed MLC patients (maximum diameter ≤2 cm) were retrospectively recruited. The lesion detection rate, diagnostic confidence and enhancement pattern of CEUS and CECT for MLC were analyzed. Diagnostic value of CEUS and CECT for MLC were evaluated and compared by using diagnostic test. Results: The cases of 0, 1, 2, multiple lesions detected by CEUS and CECT in these 69 patients with ≤2 cm MLC were 0 case (0%), 41 cases(59.42%), 13 cases(18.84%), 15 cases(21.74%) and 9 cases(13.04%), 29 cases(42.03%), 13 cases(18.84%), 18 cases(26.09%), respectively. The positive cases detected by CEUS and CECT were 69 cases(100%) and 60 cases(86.96%) respectively, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.006). However, for the detection rate of non-single-lesion cases, there was no statistical difference between CEUS and CECT (P=0.409). The cases showed typical manifestation in CEUS and CECT were 56 cases(81.16%)and 29 cases(42.03%)(P<0.001). The cases with diagnostic confidence level of 3, 4, 5 in CEUS were 3 cases(0.04%), 11 cases(15.94%), 55 cases(79.71%), and those of CECT were 19 cases(27.54%), 20 cases(28.99%), 20 cases(28.99%), respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of CEUS and CECT for ≤2 cm MLC were 100% (69/69) and 85.51% (59/69), with statistically significant difference(P=0.001). Conclusions The lesion detection rate and diagnostic value of CEUS for the maximum diameter ≤2 cm MLC might be superior to that of CECT, but the detection rate shows no significant difference in the non-single-lesion cases. CEUS has important clinical value in the diagnosis of ≤2 cm MLC.

Objective To compare the features of different heating modes cauterization mode and standard ablation mode of Cool-tip on coagulation zone and thermal field distribution in order to provide references for focused and accurate vascular occlusion and explore the primary efficacy of Cool-tip applied to intrahepatic vascular occlusion in living dogs Methods Ex-vivo porcine livers were ablated for 2 4 6 8 minites with cauterization mode and standard ablation mode respectively and the long- and short-axis diameters in the greatest dimension were compared The tissue temperature around the tip midpoint and end of the exposed part of radiofrequency electrode were measured under the circumstance of 4 min ablation by the two modes respectively Animal experiment the intrahepatic vessels of 2 Beagles were ablated with cauterization mode one procedure for each animal and contrast-enhanced ultrasound was used to evaluate the perfusion change of liver tissue Gross anatomy and pathological examination of the liver was performed after 1 week Results In the 2 min 4 min 6 min and 8 min ablation the coagulation volume of cauterization mode and standard ablation mode were 1 01 ± 0 41 cm 3 vs 2 95 ± 0 74 cm 3 1 47 ± 0 33 cm 3 vs 5 03±1 06 cm 3 2 29±0 49 cm 3 vs 9 23±2 53 cm 3 2 70±0 24 cm 3 vs 1 5 89±0 77 cm 3 The coagulation volume was significant smaller in cauterization mode than in standard ablation mode P <0 05 for all The peak temperature of cauterization mode presented on the tip of electrode which averaged 94 4℃ in maximum and maintain around 70 ℃ in the equilibrium phase The peak temperature of standard mode presented on the midpoint of the electrode which periodically variated between 70 ℃- 100 ℃ The result of the animal experiment showed that cauterization mode could be used to occlude the intrahepatic vessel in vivo which induced the ischemia and necrosis in the corresponding area Conclusions Cauterization mode and standard alation mode of Cool-tip have different characteristic in terms of coagulation zone and thermal distribution and carterization mode may have a promising application in intrahepatic vascular occlusion.