Scoliosis surgery includes fusion and non-fusion techniques.Fusion technique includes posterior fusion technique and video-assisted anterior thoracoscopic fusion.Non-fusion technique is suitable for children patients with growing potential of the spine.It includes growing rod,vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib(VEPTR),U-shape screw,and multi-vertebral wedged osteotomy(for severely rigid scoliosis).Short term outcome from these techniques has been encouraging,but medium and long term outcomes are still need investigation.

The metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder of several metabolic abnormalities,which represents a risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.Insulin resistance seems to play a significant role in pathoyenesis of metabolic syndrome.Many issues concerning definition,pathophysiology and optimal treatment of metabolic syndrome are reviewed in this article.

Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) inflammasomes regulate the secretion of caspase-1, interleukin-18 (IL-18), IL-1β, and other cytokines, and participates in aging. In recent years, it has been found that NLRP3 inflammasomes are abnormally activated in aging heart and vessels, and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasomes can alleviate heart aging and vascular aging. This review summarizes the research of NLRP3 inflammasome in heart and vascular aging, and the related drugs to promote the discovery of the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome in heart and vascular aging and the development of related drugs.

Objective: To prepare exenatide-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolicacid)(PLGA) microspheres and to evaluate their release behavior in vitro. Methods: Exenatide-loaded PLGA microspheres were prepared by W/O/O method using PLGA as vectors. An HPLC approach was established to determine the content and in vitro cumulative release. The physicochemical characteristics of microspheres, including the mean diameter, morphology, drug entrapment efficiency and loading efficiency, were evaluated. Results: The prepared microspheres were well-shaped, with a mean diameter of (51.2±1.97) μm. The drug loading was (4.50±0.13)% and the encapsulation efficiency was (96.5±2.68)%. The first day burst release was (13.19 ± 1.39)% and the in vitro 28-day-cumulative-release was (88.6 ± 0.73)%. Conclusion: The W/O/O method is stable, controllable, and repeatable for preparing exenatide-loaded microspheres using biodegradable polymers PLGA as the vector; the microspheres yield a one-month continuous release and have a bright future in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) is a major member of the E2F transcription factor family and participates in a wide range of physiological regulatory processes, such as cell cycle, survival, apoptosis, and metabolism. It is proved that the activity of E2F1 is related to the G1/S phase regulation of the cell cycle dependent on tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (RB). Recent studies have shown that E2F1 is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells, manifested as an oncogene, and its expression level is closely related to the occurrence, development, and poor clinical prognosis of prostate cancer. Androgen receptor (AR) is the main driving factor for the growth and progression of prostate cancer, and the changes of AR pathway play a key role in the pathological progression of prostate cancer. This article provide a systematic and comprehensive summary on recently published articles to review the role of the E2F1 pathway in prostate cancer.

Objective To explore the value of high-field-strength MRCP in diagnosing of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs)of pancreas.Methods Fifteen cases with IPMNs confirmed surgically and pathologically were recruited.The magnetic res-onance imaging (MRI)and MRCP findings were retrospectively analyzed.Results All cases were benign,including main pancreatic duct type (MPD)in 1,branch pancreatic duct type(BPD)in 8,and the combined type in 6.The MPD type showed diffuse dilation of main pancreatic duct which is about 14.5 mm with no enhancement.The BPD type displayed unilocular or multilocular cystic le-sions which showed communication with main pancreatic duct .The combined type demonstrated dilation of main pancreatic duct and branch pancreatic duct.The septa and mural nodule in the BPD type and the combined type were moderately enhanced.Conclusion MRCP is superior with regard to the diagnosis and classification of IPMN type and is helpful to differentiate malignant tumors from benign ones combined with routine contrast-enhanced.

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy and safety of the self-expandable metal stent for treatment of gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction.MethodsData of 24 patients with symptomatic gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction diagnosed from January 2005 to February 2011 were retrospectively studied.All patients were measured by gastric outlet obstruction scoring system ( GOOSS ) before and one week after the placement of self-expandable metal stent.ResultsStent placement was succeeded in all patients with a mean operation time of 25.90 ± 11.03 min.Twenty patients (83.3％) were able to intake liquid food after the procedure.The GOOSS (P50 =0) before and after stent placement were 0.14 (P50 =0) and 1.42( P50 =2),respectively,with significant difference (P ＜0.01 ).Minor digestive bleeding occurred in 3 patients,but no severe complications including perforation or aspiration were observed.ConclusionPlacement of a self-expandable metal stent in patients with gastric outlet or duodenal obstruction is safe and effective for resolving obstructive symptoms.

Objective To observe whether peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can induce the adhesion of T lymphocytes to endothelial cells. Methods Sera and PBMCs were obtained from patients with active SLE and normal human controls. PBMCs were cultivated and culture supematants were harvested. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in vitro with or without the presence of the sera or culture super-natants of PBMCs. Some cells were pretreated with the antibody to IL-17 before the treatment with the sera or supematants. After another 48-hour culture, RT-PCR and real-time PCR were used to detect the mRNA expressions of adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion moleeule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-cadherin in HUVECs, wound healing assay to estimate the motility of HUVECs. Additionally, T lymphocytes were added to HUVECs 48 hours after stimulation with the sera or supematants, the adhering of T lymphocytes to HUVECs was observed by microscopy. Results After stimulation with supematants of PBMCs from patients with active SLE, the mRNA expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-cadherin were significantly increased in HUVEC, while the increase could be inhibited by the antibody to IL-17. The elevation of adhesion molecule expression subsequently promoted the motility of HUVEC, mediated the adhesion of T lymphocytes to HUVEC, and the antibody to IL-17 could suppress the adhesion of T lymphocytes and motility of HUVEC. Conclusion The culture supematants of PBMCs from patients with active SLE can induce the expression of vascular cell adherin molecules and promote the adherin of T lymphocytes, which may in turn mediate the development of lupus vasculitis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Administration Routes ; Drug Utilization ; standards ; Humans ; Infant ; Pediatrics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; administration & dosage ; Pharmacopoeias as Topic ; Pharmacy Administration

Dehydration ; therapy ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans