Objective To understand the current status and the changes in main disability reasons in the elderly with physical disabilities during the past 20 years in China. Methods　The data of the elderly with physical disabilities aged 60 years and over that were from the national sample survey on disability in 1987 and 2006 were analyzed and compared by epidemiology methods. Results　In 2006.the main disability reasons in the elderly with physical disabilities aged 60 and over were disease factors,injury factors,other factors and congenital diseases and eccyliosis.The cause-specific disability prevalences were 5.262%,1.885%,1.000% and 0.200%respectively.Cerebrovaseular diseases showed the highest cause-specific disability prevalence of 2.552% in all the causes.Compared with the national sample survey in 1987,the cause-specific disability prevalences of disease factors and injury factors were obviously increased.The top five disability reasons in the elderly with physical disabilities aged 60 years and over in China were cerebrovascular diseases,arthropathy,miscellaneous traumas,other causes and unknown causes in the national sample survey in 2006;while vascular diseases,other traumas,other causes,unknown causes and pyogenic infection were the top five disability reasons in the national sample survey in 1987.The age-specific top five reasons were basically the same with the total top five disability reasons of the elderly with physical disabilities aged 60 years and over,and also the same relationship between sex-specific top five reasons and Iotal top five disability reasons in 1987 and 2006. Conclusions　Disease factors are the main disability reasons of the elderly with physical disabilities aged 60 years and over,and cerebrovascular diseases have the highest cause specific disability prevalence.The prevention and cure of cerebrovascular diseases,arthropathy and other traumas become the key points to prevent physical disability in the elderly.

Costs and Cost Analysis ; Dentists ; Family Practice ; Patient Rights ; Physician-Patient Relations ; Private Practice ; economics ; standards ; Self Care ; Social Values

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of visible light (white light, red light, blue light) on the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8-OHdG and hOGG1 in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. MethodsCultured human RPE-19 cells (4th-6th generations) were divided into white light,red light, blue light and control group.The illumination was 600 Lux.The cells of experimental groups were exposed to white light or red light for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, and exposed to blue light for 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours, while cells of the control group were cultured in foil packaged dishes to avoid light. The levels of ROS expression were detected by 2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA), the levels of 8-OHdG protein expression were observed by immunocytochemistry (ICC), and the levels of hOGG1 were measured by western blot. ResultsCompared to the control group, the ROS expression in RPE cells were increased in white and red light group after 12, 24 and 48 hours and in blue light group after 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours (Fwhite light=11. 611, Fred light =6.706, Fblue light =23. 259; P＜0.05 ). Additionally, the ROS expression had a tendency to increase gradually along with exposure time. Compared to the control group, the 8-OHdG expression in RPE cells were increased significantly in both white and red light group after 12, 24 and 48 hours and in blue light group after 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours (Fwhite light =16. 032,Fred light =6. 378, Fblue light =19. 484; P＜0.05). Additionally, the 8-OHdG expression in white and red light group were increased gradually with exposure time but decreased when exposure time was up to 48 hours, while that in blue light group was increased firstly though it started to decrease when exposure time was up to 6hours. Compared to the control group, the hOGG1 expression in RPE cells were increased in white and red light group after 12, 24 and 48 hours and in blue light group after 6 and 12 hours (Fwhite light =15. 121,Fred light=21. 041,Fblue light12. 479; P＜0.05). ConclusionsExposure to white, red or blue light could induce ROS production and DNA oxidative damage in RPE cells in a time-dependent way.Exposure to visible light could switch on self protection of RPE cells against DNA oxidative damage by up-regulating of the hOGG1 expression.

Objective To study the main causes of hearing disability in Beijing residents. Methods The second national sample survey on disability of China was carried out in Beijing on April 1,2006. Muhiphase, stratified, proportional and cluster samplings were adopted to investigate 74 795 residents in Beijing, including 36 753 males and 38 042 females. 55 773 were urban residents while 19 022 from rural areas. The method of descriptive study was used to analyze the data of hearing disabitity in Beijing. Results Top five causes of hearing disability (including multiple disabilities) in Beijing were presbycusis, unknown, systematic diseases, noise induced, and odds media. The prevalence was 1.10%, 0.30%, 0.30%, 0.20% and 0.17%, respectively. Heredity, unknown and others were the main causes of children under 0～14 years. Unknown, ototoxicity, and otitis media were the main causes of people aged 15 ～59 years. Presbycusis, systematic diseases, noise induced and unknown were main causes of people aged 60 years and older. Presbycusis was the top cause of hearing disability for male and female residents as well as people live in urban and rural areas in Beijing. Conclusion Presbyeusis, unknown, systematic diseases, noise induced, and otitis media were main causes of hearing disability (including multiple disabilities) in Beijing.

Objective To investigate the effects of ulinastatin on the number of peripheral blood lymphocyte and the percentage of its subsets in patients with severe sepsis. Methods The scores of APECHE II and SOFA, the number of lymphocyte and the percentage of different subsets in these sepsis patients at different treatment time were measured. Results After treatment, the scores of APECHE II and SOFA of severe sepsis patients were decreased, the number of lymphocyte elevated and the percentages of different subset were corrected. Sepsis caused by Gram- positive pathogens had stronger suppression of peripheral blood lymphocyte and subsets compared with Gram - negative pathogens. Conclusion Patients with severe sepsis had less peripheral blood lymphocyte and abnormal subsets. Ulinastatin could help to correct such abnormality.

Objective To study clinical efficacy and toxicity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib combined with whole brain radiotherapy in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastases and to evaluate its effectiveness and safety.Methods In accordance with the random digital number method, Sixty-three NSCLC patients with brain metastases were divided into erlotinib combined with whole brain radiation therapy group (33 cases) and whole brain radiotherapy alone group (30 cases), each patient received the whole brain radiotherapy, DT (3 000-3 600)cGy/(10-12) F.Erlotinib combined with whole brain radiotherapy group received oral erlotinib, at a dose of 150 mg per day from the beginning of the whole brain radiotherapy, at least two months until after the completion of radiation therapy.All patients were evaluated in the efficacy of radiotherapy at the end of two months.Results The metastases objective response rate and disease control rate of erlotinib combined with whole brain radiation therapy group and whole brain radiotherapy alone group were respectively 54.6％, 13.3％ (x2 =11.744, P =0.001) and 91.0％ , 60.0％ (x2 =8.276, P =0.004).The objective response rate and disease control rate in the two groups were respectively 39.3％, 10.0％ (x2 =7.166, P =0.007) and 84.8％, 40.0％ (x2 =7.759, P =0.005).Stratified analysis showed that in erlotinib combined with whole brain radiotherapy group, the objective response rate and disease control rate of EGFR mutation positive and negative subgroup were respectively 76.5％, 33.3％ (x2 =6.248, P=0.012) and 100％, 77.7％ (x2 =4.093, P=0.043).The 1-year sur vival and progression-free survival rates of the two groups were 57.6％, 30.0％ and 42.4％, 16.7％, the differences were statistically significant (x2 =4.840, P =0.028;x2 =4.950, P =0.026).The main adverse events of erlotinib combined with whole brain radiotherapy group were mild to moderate rash, diarrhea, and no treatment-related deaths occurred.Conclusion Erlotinib combined with whole brain radiotherapy for the NSCLC patients with brain metastases has some effect, and the adverse reactions are mild, which can be used as a treatment option for NSCLC brain metastases.

Zika virus (ZIKV) was an emergent flavivirus transmitted by Aedes genus mosquitoes and made an explosive outbreak in Latin America in 2015.A few months later,an obvious increase in the number of microcephaly neonates has been observed,which might be related to ZIKV infection during the mothers' pregnancy.Since then,researchers in many countries and territories have been working on the causal link between ZIKV and microcephaly and have made a number of achievements.To summarize the most recent evidence and the contribution of Chinese researchers on this issue,and to provide perspectives and challenges for future studies,we reviewed the literature of both microcephaly and ZIKV.Based on previous research results,ZIKV has been preliminarily proved to be the direct cause of microcephaly in newborns and Chinese researchers have made many important discoveries in the pathogenesis of microcephaly.Even so,future researches should also further investigate the mechanism of ZIKV-related microcephaly to advance the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies.

Objective To characterize the vascular cognitive impairment of stroke patients with different injury sites (right or left cerebral hemisphere) and pathological type (hemorrhage or infarct). Methods A total of 119 stroke patients were assessed with regard to their cognitive functions using the LOTCA within one week of admis-sion, and comparison was made among patients in terms of VCI characteristics, injury site, and pathological type. Results In patients with left hemisphere injury, there found no significant difference between those with cerebral in-farct and hemorrhage with regard to the total score of LOTCA, but the score of perception of those with hemorrhage was lower than those with infarct(P<0.05). in patients with right hemisphere injury, both total score of LOTCA and the subscore were not significantly different between those with infarct and hemorrhage(P>0.05). In patients with infarct in left hemisphere, the total score of LOTCA was lower than those with infarct in right hemisphere(P<0.05), but the scores of orientation and thinking operation were lower than those with infarct in right hemisphere(P<0.001 or <0.01). In patients with hemorrhage in the left hemisphere, the total score of LOTCA was not significantly different from those with hemorrhage in right hemisphere, but the scores of orientation and perception were lower than thosewith hemorrhage in right hemisphere(P<0.001 or <0.01). Conclusions More attention with regard to perception training should be paid to those with cerebral hemmorhage than those with cerebral infarct. In patients with cerebral infarct, more attention with regard to orientation and thinking operation training should be paid to those with infarct in left side, while for those with cerebral hemorrhage, more attention with regard to orientation and perception training should be paid to the left hemisphere insult.

Purpose To analyze the high-frequency sonographic images of lymph nodes in mesenteric lymphadenitis of different ages. Materials and Methods 139 children with mesenteric lymphadenitis (study group) and 60 normal children (control group) were divided into 1 to 5 years, 6 to 10 years and 11 to 15 years group, the characteristics of high-frequency ultrasound sonographic images were analyzed, accuracy of longitudinal diameter (L), transverse diameter (S), aspect ratio (L/S) and color Doppler blood flow signal classification for the prediction of mesenteric lymph nodes swelling were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Mesenteric lymph nodes in the control group appeared as spindle shape with sparse blood flow signals, L, and L/S increased with age increasing (F=4.047, 9.586;P<0.05). Mesenteric lymph nodes in the study group displayed as oval or teardrop-shaped with rich blood flow signals, L, S and L/S did not change significantly with age increasing (F=0.184, 1.084, 2.083; P>0.05). Compared with the control group, blood flow signals were more abundant in all age groups of the study group, L and S were also significantly higher (L:t=-13.798,-12.813,-8.089;S:t= -8.212,-13.172,-9.606, P<0.01), only in the 1 to 5 years group statistically significant difference (t=-3.208, P<0.05) was showed between the two groups. From 1 to 5 years, the sensitivity and specificity for the judgment of lymph node swelling were 95.56%and 100.00%, respectively when using L=9.85 mm as a standard;from 6 to 10 years, the sensitivity and specificity for the judgment of lymph node swelling were 95.59%and 100.00%, respectively when using L=10.25 mm as a standard;from 11 to 15 years, the sensitivity and specificity for the judgment of lymph node swelling were 92.31%and 100.00%, respectively when using S=4.40 mm as a standard. Conclusion High-frequency ultrasound is able to display the location distribution and morphological characteristics of the mesenteric lymph nodes in children, and also to accurately measure the diameters and flow signal distribution of the lymph nodes, thus will provide valuable evidence for the diagnosis of pediatric mesenteric lymphadenitis.

Objective To evaluate the protective effects of Sipunculus nudus preparation(SNP) on mice irradiated by 60Co.Methods The mice were divided into control group,model group and 0.5,1.0,and 2.0g?kg-1?d-1 SNP groups.SNP was administrated by intra-gastric infusion with the volume of 0.4mL per 20g.In the fifteenth day,the model group and the treated groups were irradiated by ?-ray of 60Co(0.83Gy/h) with the dose of 5 Gy.Peripheral blood WBC,RBC,PLT,the spleen(SI) and thymus index(TI),the BMNC,SOD and MDA in serum,testicle index,germ cells were detected.Results Comparing with the model group,TI,SI and peripheral blood WBC,RBC and BMNCs were higher.The activities of SOD in serum were increased,while MDA decreased.Testicle index and germ cells were increased,and germ abnomality rate was decreased in SNP groups.Conclusion SNP has protective effects on mice irradiatied by 60Co.