Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness state caused by the transient cerebral insufficiency,often accompanied by decreased muscle tone and failure in maintaining a certain position. Syncope is a common clinical disease of children,the causes of which include nerve-mediated (reflex) syncope,cerebral vascular disease syncope, psychogenic syncope, cardiac syncope, metabolic syncope, unexplained syncope,etc. Nerve-mediated syncope is the most common cause, and vasovagal syncope is the most common type. Al-though the incidence of cardiogenic syncope is low, but its onset is abrupt and dangerous, which should be payed attention.

Ecological system of subjects innovation is a strategic paradigm proposed by researchers of subjects innovation.In order to achieve efficient knowledge reuse and continuous knowledge innovation,Ecological system of subjects innovation reconstructs,integrates and optimizes the internal and external resource scattered in different subjects,knowledge chains ,knowledge alliances,knowledge clusters.To construct the cooperative innovation model of ecological system of subjects innovation.In this paper,the definition of ecological system of subjects innovation has been given.Then cooperative innovation model has been constructed and ecological system of subjects innovation has been demonstrated through some cases.Cooperative innovation model of ecological system of subjects innovation is composed of the purpose,the partner and the cooperation.Using extended network cooperation model,ecological system of subjects innovation gain the advantages of competition.

ObjectiveTo study streptococcus pneumonia capsular polysaccharide antibodies of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) in acute exacerbation and the feasibility of vaccination for patients with COPD.MethodsThe COPD in acute exacerbation without respiratory failure (RF)(COPD without RF group),COPD in acute exacerbation with RF (COPD with RF group),asthma (asthma group),healthy elderly examination(elderly examination group) and healthy youth examination (youth examination group) were selected,and each group had 15 cases.The levels of streptococcus pneumonia capsular polysaccharide antibodies IgG,IgM and IgA were measured in all groups.Results There was no significant difference in IgG among the five groups (P ＞ 0.05 ).The levels of IgM in COPD without RF group and elderly examination group were significantly lower than those in COPD with RF group,asthma group and youth examination group (0.554 ± 0.309 and 0.538 ± 0.327 vs.0.810 ± 0.387,0.887 ± 0.278 and 0.852 ± 0.305,P ＜ 0.05 ).Although the level of IgA in COPD without RF group was significantly lower than that in youth examination group(0.532 ±0.297 vs.0.930 ±0.502,P ＜0.05),there was no significant difference among the five groups.Conclusion Patients with COPD should inoculate pneumococcal vaccination.

Objective To study the characteristics of serum lipid metabolism in cadres aged 90 and above.Methods A total of 105 in-patient cadres aged 90 and above were assigned to the longevity group,and another 85 in-patient cadres aged 60 to 80 years were used as controls.Medical history of the participants were retrospectively reviewed,and serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),apoB,apoA-I,Lp(a)and body mass index(BMI)were tested.Results Compared with the control group,TC,TG,LDL-C,apoB and non-HDL-C were significantly decreased in the longevity group[3.90 +0.89 vs 4.36 ± 1.06,0.89(0.57)vs 1.16(0.69),2.35 ±0.72 vs 2.70 ±0.88,0.68 ±0.19 vs 0.75 ±0.22,2.69 ±0.79 vs 3.18 ± 1.00,respectively].However,HDL-C/TC and HDL-C/LDL-C were significantly increased in the longevity group [0.32 ±0.084 vs 0.28 ±0.082,0.52(0.22)vs 0.43(0.28),respectively].Lp(a)of the longevity group was higher than that of the control group,although no statistically significant difference was found.BMI of the longevity group was significantly lower than that of the control group.In the longevity group,the percentage of individual who were combined with hypertension,hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and overweight/fat was lower (24.8％ vs 43.5％).Conclusions Serum lipid level is relatively lower in cadres aged 90 and above,and those who are combined with hypertension,hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and overweight/fat are significantly lower in this populations.

BACKGROUND: Because dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress, microglia is characteristics of being prone to activation, and activated microglia is the main source of oxygen free radical production, so microglia activation is more important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and illness progress.OBJECTIVE: To summarize the correlation between microglia and Parkinson's disease.METHODS: An online computer-based retrieval was performed by the first author among the Chinese Journal Full-Text Database (CNKI: 2000/2010) and Medline (2000/2010) Database, with key words of Parkinson's disease, microglia in English and Chinese. The correlation between microglia and Parkinson's disease was discussed through two aspects, one is the influence of cell factors and toxic substance produced after microglia activation on Parkinson's disease, the other is the inhibition of microglia and prevention of nerve toxic factors on Parkinson's disease progress.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 112 articles were screened out according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 27 of them were involved in the analysis. Results showed that microglia activation will damage dopaminergic neurons, and cause Parkinson's disease. And the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease may further reduce the neurotransmitter dopamine, continue to damage dopaminergic neurons and release the inflammatory factor, thus promoting microglia activation. Inhibition of microglia activation is likely to stop the progress of Parkinson's disease.

With the intense development of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer research in recent years, this approach has been used widely in clinical treatment. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can increase the chance of operation for patients with local y advanced breast cancer. Moreover, it can improve breast-conserving rate in larger-tumor patients, thereby improving the quality of life of these patients. However, some controversies regarding the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer patients remain to be resolved. This review focuses on clinical studies and re-recognition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a viable treatment for breast cancer.

Objective To investigate effect of levocarnitine on maintainance hemodialysis in patients with hypotension.Methods 64 cases with continuous hemodialysis hypotension were randomly divided into control group and treatment group, 32 cases in each group.Patients in the control group were treated with erythropoietin treatment after regular hemodialysis, and the treatment group based on the control group with levocarnitine.Blood pressure, hemoglobin, urea clearance rate, hypotension and changes of C-reactive protein (CRP), arteriovenous fistula occlusion and cardiovascular events incidence were compared after the treatment.Results Compared with before treatment, the incidence of two groups of blood pressure and hemoglobin levels were significantly increased ( P <0.05 ) and CRP levels decreased ( P <0.05 ) , hypotension, arteriovenous fistula occlusion and cardiovascular events rate were decreased (P<0.05); compared with the control group, systolic blood pressure and minimum systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin levels of treatment group were higher (P<0.05) and CRP levels were lower (P<0.05), the incidence of hypotension, arteriovenous fistula occlusion and cardiovascular events were lower (P<0.05), the clinical curative effect was higher (P<0.05).Conclusion Levocarnitine can effectively reduce the occurrence of hypotension in hemodialysis patients continuously, with good clinical efficacy and safety.

Objective To study the effect of different negative pressure values of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) effect on skin graft .Methods Eighty patients were selected ,who underwent chronic wound bed and preparedto treat with skin graft in surgical ward of emergency department in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2012 to July 2012 .Eighty patients were divided into 8 groups ,group A were treated with packing pressure after skin graft ,group B~ H were treated with continuous NPWT ,pressures were -10 ,-20 ,-30 ,-40 ,-50 ,-60 and -70 kPa ,respectively .Whether they were in comfortable situation at second day after surgery were observed .Flap survival area at Seventh day after surgery was meas‐ured .Results The patient comfort ,flap survival area ,wound healing time of group B to H were higher than those of group A (P<0 .05) .Patient comfort tended to decrease with the increasing negative pressure values between -10 - -40 kPa(P<0 .05) .Flap survival area ,healing time of group B ,C were higher than those of group D to F(P<0 .05) .Conclusion Application of NPWT technology in wound ,-10 kPa negative pressure value can not only improve wound blood circulation ,but also ensure patient be comfortable .

Objective To explore the correlation of modern medical examination indexes with the traditional Chinese medical syndrome types of reflux esophagitis ( RE) , thus to supply evidence for the standardization of syndrome differentiation. Methods Seventy-six RE patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. And then we investigated the correlation of traditional Chinese medical syndrome types with endoscopicmucosal performance grading, plasma Ghrelin content, esophageal mucosal substance P ( SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) . Results (1) Syndrome patterns of RE showed certain correlation with the endoscopic mucosal performance (P<0.01) . Endoscopic mucosal performance grade 0-Ⅲ corresponded to the syndromes of gallbladder heat attaching stomach, liver-stomach disharmony/phlegm-qi blocking middle energizer, hepatogastric stagnant heat, middle energizer deficiency with reversed flow of qi, respectively. ( 2) The plasma Ghrelin content of RE patients with syndrome of phlegm-qi blocking middle energizer was lower than that of the patients with other syndrome patterns, and the difference was significant compared with the syndromes of hepatogastric sta gnant heat, liver-stomach disharmony, and gallbladder heat attaching stomach ( P<0.05 or P<0.01) . ( 3 ) The expression level of SP in the esophageal mucosa was the highest in the syndrome of hepatogastric stagnant heat, and was the lowest in the syndrome of phlegm-qi blocking middle energizer; expression level of VIP in the esophageal mucosa was the highest in the syndrome of middle energizer deficiency with reversed flow of qi, and was the lowest in the syndrome of hepatogastric stagnant heat ( P<0.05 or P<0.01) . Conclusion Traditional Chinese medical syndrome types of RE have correlation with endoscopic mucosal performance and immunohistochemical detection results for gastrointestinal hormones, which will be beneficial to the estimation of the development and severity of RE.

The ecosystem for disciplinary innovation is a new mode that facilitates the improvement of various disciplines in universities. This article analysed innovation, ecosystem for innovation as well as ecosystem for discipline, and proposed the concept and characteristics of the ecosystem for disciplinary innovation in universities.