Cerebral ischemia models of rabbits were induced by four-artery obstruction method. The changes of excitatory amino acid (EAA) transmitters,brain-tissue calcium (TCa) and intramitochondria calcium (MCa) of the cerebral cortex were measured and the effects of ketamine were observed. The results revealed that 20 minutes after ischemia,the amoumts of the EAA transmitters (Glu and Asp) in brain tissues were decreased, and decreased further after reperfusion. But after 20 minutes ischemia,the levels of TCa and MCa were elevated and higher than that of ischemia and contral groups significantly after the reperfusion. Ketamine could increase the Glu and Asp contents and decrease the TCa and MCa levels during ischemia and reperfusion.

Drug metabolism will change significantly during inflammation, including the reduction of expression and activity of many drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Body would release a series of inflammatory cytokines which can regulate drug metabolizing enzymes. Recent studies have revealed that drug transporters are also regulated by the cytokines with obvious species difference. Mechanism studies show that several transcription factors play important roles during the signal pathways of regulation. This review focuses on the progress in the regulation of drug transporters during inflammation.

Regulation of the activity of CYP450 has always been research focus of drug metabolism. The effect of compounds on the mRNA and protein expression level of CYP450 is the main purpose of most of the existing reports. In recent years, the protein modification in the posttranslation level has been found to participate in maintaining the proper function of CYP450, thus effect of posttranslational modification on the enzyme activity has been paid more and more attention. Posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, nitration, and ubiquitination have been described to regulate the activity of CYP450. In this paper, recent developments in the effects of posttranslational modifications on the activity of CYP450 have been reviewed.

Nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are originally characterized as transcription factors regulating many target genes. Recent works have revealed that these nuclear receptors play critical roles in regulating genes that encode drug metabolism enzymes and modulating hepatic energy metabolism, such as down-regulating gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis, as well as up-regulating lipogenesis. Studies on PXR and CAR have important implication on drug-drug interaction (DDI) and potential disease treatment targets.

The hemodynamic effects of deliberated hypotension induced by PGE1 or SNP on 14 dogs anesthetized by ketamine were studied separately.MAP was decreased by 30%~40% after infusing PGE,or SNP Hemodynamic variables were measured before and 15 min 30 min after hypotension and 15 min after the discontinuation of infusion.The results indicated that SVRI, PVRI, MPAP, LVSWI and RVSWI all decreased significantly during PGE1-or SNP-induced hypotension. CVP decreased and HR increased significantly during SNP-induced hypotension, but with no significant change during PGE1-induced hypotension and with SVI. CI. PCWP remained unchanged in these two groups throughout the experiments.

Using the model of the rabbit brain ischemia the intracellular calcium accumulation and ultrastructure alteration of cerebral cortex were observed. The results indicated that the longer the ischemia reperfusion time,the more was the calcium accumulation and ultrastructure alteration in cerebral cortex. It is revealed that calcium plays an important role in the brain Injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. The mechanism of brain injury related to calci- um was diseussed.

0. 05),cardiac index decreased from 12. 5% to 13. 3 % during hypotension (P 0. 05 ). It was concluded that PaCO2 can still be followed continuously and noninvasively by monitoring end-tidal CO2 tension during hypotension induced by PGE,

0.05) in both groups. In group B,cardiac output decreased by 13% at 15th min following deliberated hypotension (P0.05). It is suggested that PaCO_2 can be evaluated continuously and noninvasively by monitoring end-tidal CO_2 tension during SNP-induced hypotension.

Pulmonary circulation and gas exchange were observed during and after prostaglandin E_1-indueed hypotention in 9 adult mongrel dogs undergoing procaine balanced anesthesia. Cardiac index decreased from 12.5% to 13% (P0.05) during hypotension but the effective ratios of oxygen increased(P

Objective Aprotinin, a serine proteinase inhibitor, has been reported to reduce blood loss significantly in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, heart and liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aprotinin on intraoperative blood loss, transfusion requirement and blood coagulation during liver cancer resection.Methods Eighty-two ASA Ⅰ -Ⅲ patients ( 51 male, 31 female ) aged 33-65 yr undergoing liver cancer resection ( 61 partial hepatectomy, 21 extirpation of liver cancer) were studied. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups : aprotinin group received a bolus of aprotinin 1 112 EPU after induction of anesthesia, followed by continuous aprotinin infusion at 278 EPU?h-1 until 2 h after operation ( n = 40); control group received normal saline instead of aprotinin ( n = 42) . The patients were premedicated with sodium luminal, droperidol-fentanyl and atropine. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 2 mg, thiopental 5 mg?kg-1 and succinylcholine 1.5 mg? kg-1 . After tracheal intubation the patient was mechanically ventilated (VT = 8-12 ml?kg-1 ) and PaCO2 was maintained at about 35 mm Hg, Anesthesia was maintained with N2O/O2 , fentanyl and vecuroniurn. Venous blood samples were taken before induction of anesthesia (baseline) , 0.5 h, 2 h and 4 h after skin incision and 6 h and 12 h after operation for routine blood tests, thromboelastography ( TEG), and determination of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thromboplastin time (TT) prothrombin time (PT) and plasma fibrinogen concentration (Fig) . Intraoperative blood loss and amount of blood transfused were recorded. Results The preoperative hypercoagulable state was ameliorated and coagulation was maintained within the normal range in aprotinin group; while in control group the hypercoagulable state was aggravated during operation and at the end of operation it changed to hypocoagulable state. The intraoperative blood loss and amount of blood infused were significantly less in aprotinin group than in control group. Conclusion The use of aprotinin during liver cancer resection results in reduction in intraoperative blood loss and less transfusion requirement.