AIM: To investigate the safety of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) intra optic nerve injection in rabbits. METHODS: Group 1 and 2 (6 eyes in each group) received injection of tPA 25μg and 12.5μg in 0.1mL balanced saline solution (BSS). Group 3 (6 eyes) received injection of 0 1mL BSS. Six eyes in group four as a normal control received no injection. The eyes were examined with slit lamp biomicroscope, indirect ophthalmoscope, visual evoked potentials (VEP) and electroretinography (ERG) at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after injection. RESULTS: No evidence of optic nerve or retinal toxicity or physical damage were revealed by ophthalmoscopy, VEP, and ERGs after the injection of tPA into the optic nerve. The means of the latency of the first peak of the VEP were 24.6±1.5, 24.1±1.9, 24.0±2.0 and 24.6±1.3mS respectively for the above specified groups (P=0.4112). The means of the amplitude of the first peak of the VEPs were 124±42, 145±41, 132±48 and 117±29μV respectively (P=0.0649). The means of the latency of a-waves were 6.0±0.4, 5.9±0.4, 5.9±0.5 and 5.8±0.3 mS respectively (P=0.6279). The means of the amplitude of a-waves were 110±14, 112±15, 110±16 and 108±11μV respectively (P=0.7248). The means of the amplitude of b-waves were 151±12, 148±14, 144±16 and 141±20μV respectively (P =0.0957).CONCLUSION: Injection of tPA upto 25μg in 0.1mL into optic nerve is well tolerated.

Although attempts to teach medical students about nursing have become more frequent, nurses who have lectured to medical students and have been involved in their practical training have rarely published studies evaluating their training methods and objectives. This study was performed to clarify the significance and problems of such teaching. Nurses now participate in the education and training of medical students in at least half of medical training hospitals and schools. They thought that this is a unique and beneficial educational opportunity and had high expectations. However, four main problems have been identified: the motivation and attitudes of medical students, the time and environment for training, the understanding of clinicians, and the problems of nurses, such as lack of educational experience.

Objective：To evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of the Walking LEVEL Scale (WaLS) in patients hospitalized in a Convalescent Rehabilitation Ward (CRW).Design：The WaLS was used as an assessment scale to categorize the walking ability of patients in a CRW.Subjects/Patients：A total of 103 patients in a CRW were included in the study.Methods：Retest and inter-rater reliability were evaluated by using the WaLS to assess patients by the same rater and by two independent raters using the weighted kappa coefficient. Spearman correlation was used to assess the correlation between the WaLS and FIM-walk item scores and the WaLS and FAC scores (i.e., concurrent validity).Results：The retest and inter-rater reliability of the WaLS (weighted kappa coefficient) was 0.989 (p＜0.01) and 0.951 (p＜0.01), respectively. The WaLS scores were also significantly correlated with the FIM-walk item (p＝0.916, p＜0.01) and FAC scores (p＝0.919, p＜0.01)．Conclusion：The WaLS was found to demonstrate good reliability and concurrent validity in patients hospitalized in CRW.