We performed this research to determine the prevalence of low bone mineral density in patients given levothyroxine and to investigate the effects of replacement and suppressive doses of levothyroxine, age, body mass index, and TSH level on bone mineral density. One hundred and ten Asian women taking levothyroxine for at least six months were grouped into levothyroxine replacement group (levothyroxine dose that will maintain TSH level of 0.5-5.0 ulU / mL) and TSH-suppressive group (dose that will maintain TSH level of less than 0.5 uIU/mL). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip. The prevalence of low bone mineral density on levothyroxine replacement and TSH-suppressive groups were 58 % and 45.8%, respectively. In the levothyroxine replacement group significant associations between levothyroxine dose, as well as body mass index, and low BMD in both spine and femoral neck were detected. An inverse relationship between duration of therapy and low bone density was also observed. Even normal TSH level in this group correlated with low bone mass in the total hip. Age and menopausal status were also significantly associated with low bone density. In the group of patients taking TSH-suppressive doses of levothyroxine, only age showed an inverse correlation with BMD. This may be secondary to the small population size generated for this group.

Human ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Child ; Hormones ; Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, And Hormone Antagonists ; Thyroxine ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Femur Neck ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Population Density ; Prevalence ; Thyroid Hormones

INTRODUCTION: Fifteen to fifty percent of all sports injuries commonly occur in the knee joint. Active women are more susceptible to Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) than men. Aims: This study aims to associate the presentation of different movement compensations at the different body segments such as the hip, knee, and foot with the presence of PFPS among female collegiate football players at the University of Santo Tomas. METHODS: In this descriptive observational cross-sectional study, purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. A total of 11 participants were included. PFPS has a strong association with Anterior Knee Pain (AKP), and it was diagnosed using the Physical Examination questionnaire. With the use of dynamic and transitional assessments, namely overhead squat test (OST) and tuck jump test (TJT), movement patterns were observed using standardized data sheets and video analysis. RESULTS: Among those 11 female participants (mean age 19 ± 1.7 years old), 8 were diagnosed with PFPS and 3 were negative of PFPS. An association between different compensations and PFPS was sought using Fisher’s exact statistical tool. In the OST, compensations such as the foot turning out, foot flattening, knee directing inward and outward, lumbo-pelvic-hip complex patterns. In the TJT, PFPS was associated with three general compensations: foot placement, landing contact noise, and lower extremity valgus. CONCLUSION There was no direct association found between movement compensations and PFPS in dynamic and transitional assessments among female collegiate football players in this study. Although there are a few associations between different lower extremity movement compensations with PFPS. The majority of those with PFPS had knee out and LPHC compensations with the OST. With the TST, those with PFPS have positive foot placement compensations as compared to the majority of those without PFPS.

BACKGROUND: Muscular imbalance in the core and hip is one of the major risk factors associated with PFPS. There is evidence that decreased strength of the hip musculature is present in individuals with PFPS. This decrease in hip strength can also affect the stability of the core and further predisposes an athlete to injury. OBJECTIVES: This is a cross-sectional study that compares the hip muscle strength and core stability of collegiate football players with and without PFPS. METHODS: 25 participants (10 with PFPS and 15 without PFPS) participated in the study. Hip strength was measured using a digital handheld dynamometer. Core stability was assessed through the McGill Core Strength test and the 8-stage stability test. RESULTS: The hip adductors showed to be significantly weaker in those with PFPS as compared to those without PFPS ( p=0.040). No differences were found in the hip flexor (p=0.812), hip extensor (p=0.460) and abductors (p=0.126) strength while the core musculature showed that there is a statistically significant difference on the endurance of the lateral core musculature (p<0.001) and trunk flexors (p=0.027) between the two groups. CONCLUSION Football athletes without PFPS in this study demonstrated greater core stability and hip adductor muscle strength compared to those without PFPS.
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome ; Lower Extremity ; Football