We report a case of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A 24-year-old woman with SLE had been treated with steroids and immunosuppressive agents for 7 years. The patient was admitted to Kumamoto University Hospital for the management of unstable angina. CABG was successfully performed using bilateral internal thoracic arteries and postoperative 3D-CT demonstrated good patency of both arterial grafts. The patient experienced no significant postoperative complications, and has remained well to date (8 months postdischarge).

We report a successfully treated case of double valve replacement for mucopolysaccharosis in a 27-year-old woman. Mucopolysaccharosis had been suspected since she was aged 11. Symptoms of heart failure and chest pain suggested valvular disease and she was referred to us. Echocardiography, aortography and cardioangiography showed aortic regurgitation (grade IV/IV) and mitral regurgitation (grade III/IV). She received double valve replacement and was discharged on the 38th postoperative day with symptom improvement. Although urinalysis was positive for heparan-sulfate, this case could not be diagnosed definitively as mucopolysaccharosis due to normal lymphocytic enzyme-activity. However, large amounts of mucopolysaccharoid deposits were present in her removed aortic and mitral valve leaflets, and her clinical picture corresponded with mucopolysaccharosis. Thus, it was considered that her ultimate diagnosis was combined cardiac valvular disease due to mucopolysaccharosis.

Bacterial endopthalmitis is associated with risk for poor visual prognosis, however, it is rarely combined with infective endocarditis. A 66-year-old man underwent pacemaker implantation and received antibiotic therapy due to persistent fever. A month after the pacemaker implantation, he was admitted to our hospital because of disturbance of vision and consciousness. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with decrease of platelet count was also present. His eyes were reddish and swelled, and the conjunctiva were turbid and edematous in both sides. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated 18×13mm pendulous verruca originating from the tricuspid annulus. The patient underwent concomitant resection and repair of the tricuspid valve and removal of both infected eyes after DIC treatment. The postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged from the hospital 43 days after the operation. We conclude that careful observation of the eyes may be needed for patients with infective endocarditis when they have some visual symptoms.

Septic pulmonary embolization (SPE) is an uncommon pulmonary disorder. The diagnosis of SPE is frequently delayed because of its nonspecific chest roentgenological features. A 76-year-old woman who underwent pacemaker implantation one year previously received antibiotic therapy under a diagnosis of infectious colitis. She suffered septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and was admitted to our hospital. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was cultured from her blood and echocardiography demonstrated 13×16 mm vegetation originating from the tricuspid valve. Multiple peripheral nodules with cavitation were found on chest computed tomography and she was given a diagnosis of SPE. She rapidly presented acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation was inevitable for 23 days before surgery. She underwent removal of the entire pacing system, resection and repair of the tricuspid valve and epicardial pacemaker lead implantation. Tracheostomy and long-term mechanical ventilation (16 days) was required after surgery, however, she was discharged from our hospital without any complication.

We report a case of a caseous calcification lesion originating from a calcified anterior mitral annulus. A 59-year-old woman on chronic hemodialysis was referred to our hospital due to an elevated brain natriuretic peptide value. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated moderate aortic valve stenosis with regurgitation and a pendulous mass in the left ventricular outflow tract, and therefore we perfomed. The patient underwent resection of the mass with aortic valve replacement. Pathological examination of the mass revealed interstitial calcium deposits but without tumors or inflammatory cells. We speculated that the cardiac mass was caseous calcification which originated from a severely calcified mitral annulus based on its echocardiographic and pathological features.

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is characterized by vascular findings (aortic aneurysms and dissections) and skeletal manifestations. Since aortic dissection occurs at smaller aortic diameters than observed in Marfan syndrome, early and aggressive surgery is recommended for patients with LDS. A 45-year-old man who underwent aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation at the age of 33 was transferred to our hospital with the diagnosis of acute aortic dissection. We performed emergeny ascending aortic replacement, and suspected LDS because of his specific physical characteristics after surgery. His postoperative course was uneventful, however, computed tomography (CT) performed at 2 weeks after operation showed the new entry at the distal anastomotic site, patent false lumen of the descending aorta and rapid enlargement of the distal aortic arch. Therefore, we performed total arch replacement with the elephant trunk method at 3 weeks after the emergency operation. Mutation of the TGFBR2 gene was found and we finally diagnosed LDS. One year after, complete thrombosis of the false lumen of the descending aorta and decrease in size of the distal aortic arch was observed by CT.

We report a case of aortic valve replacement using a bioprosthesis after coronary artery stenting in the left coronary main trunk of a 76-year-old man with symptoms of heart failure. Pre-operation studies revealed severe aortic valve regurgitation and that the left main coronary stent protruded into the aorta. Cardiac arrest was obtained with retrograde cardioplegia. Careful observation was made to avoid injury to the aortic bioprosthesis. The postoperative course was uneventful and cardiac echo graphy showed good function of the aortic valve.

A recent study evaluated the effect of pleurotomy for harvesting internal thoracic arteries (ITAs) on pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Fifty consecutive patients with pleurotomy (group I) were studied retrospectively and compared with a control group of fifty patients undergoing CABG without pleurotomy during ITA harvest (group II). Group I was divided into two groups; forty patients using left ITAs with left open pleurotomy (group Ia), and ten patients using bilateral ITAs with bilateral open pleurotomy (group Ib). On the other hand, group II includes 22 patients without pleurotomy (group IIa) and 28 patients with closed pleurotomy (group IIb). In group I, ITAs were dissected from the chest wall with mediastinal pleura and then isolated from the pleura by pleurotomy. Before sternal closure, an L-shaped pleural tube was inserted into the deep costophrenic sinus and the pleurotomy remained open. In group II, ITAs were simultaneously dissected from the chest wall and mediastinal pleura, and if the pleura was damaged, the pleurotomy was approximated before sternal closure. There was no significance in the number of bypass grafts, aortic crossclamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time and temperature. ITA harvest time with open pleurotomy was shorter than that of closed pleura (15min versus 25min). Postoperatively, the ventilation time and duration of chest drainage also showed no significance, however group Ia and Ib showed significantly more fluid accumulation removed by chest drainage (Ia, 288±193ml; Ib, 285±198ml, versus IIb, 169±98ml). On postoperative day 30 no pleural effusion was observed in group I but it was seen in one case in group IIb which had diaphragm paralysis. In conclusion, open pleurotomy results in minimal pulmonary complications with optimal chest drainage and offers significant advantages for harvesting ITAs.

Primary malignant tumors of the heart are rare and are associated with very poor survival. We retrospectively analyzed early and late results for five primary malignant tumors of the heart. There were two operative deaths and two late deaths, and the mean survival of patients who survived operation was 18.3 months. No operative survivors had symptoms of congestive heart failure during follow up period. One patient who underwent histologic biopsy received postoperative chemotherapy and is alive without recurrence 36 months after operation. The operative mortality of primary malignant tumors of the heart was high and unsatisfactory, however, surgical treatment prevented congestive heart failure during follow up and contributed to the selection of postopeative therapeutic options, with or without complete resection of the tumors.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) poses a major complicating factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. To identify patients with IHD, we evaluated patients scheduled to undergo AAA repair with dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy (DTS) and coronary angiography (CAG). If indicated, coronary revascularization was performed. Finally, an assessment of the effectiveness of these preventive measures was made. One hundred and ten patients scheduled to undergo AAA repair were identified and treated accordingly over a 20-year period. As the pre-operative evaluation and prophylactic surgical revascularization strategies were instituted in 1983, the patients were divided into 2 groups: 25 patients between 1973-1982 (group A) and 85 patients between 1983-1992 (group B). The mean age of patients in group A was 65.3 years. The male/female ratio within this group was 21:4. One patient in the group had a history of IHD and 9 had hypertention. The mean age of patients in group B was 67.7 years. The male/female ratio within this group was 77:8. Fourteen patients in this group had a history of IHD and 27 had hypertension. Screening and treatment of IHD in group B was as follows. All patients with a history of IHD underwent CAG. Of the 32 patients with cardiac risk factors, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia, or ECG abnormalities who underwent DTS, 8 were referred for CAG. Thirty-nine patients with no risk factors and a normal ECG proceeded to AAA repair without further workup. Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 2 patients in grouzp A, leading to death in 1 patient. Coronary revascularization was performed in 5 patients in group B. No perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in this group. Pre-operative identification of high-risk cases with DTS, CAG, and coronary revascularization in patients with IHD may prevent cardiovascular complications in patients undergoing AAA repair.