Objective To investigate the three methods for sun protection factor determination in vivo in Chinese under the same condition, and to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the three methods. Methods There were 45 healthy volunteers in Guangzhou area were involved in the study. All of them were randomly divided into three groups. Among them 15 volunteers were in the current method group, 5 volunteers in the simplified method group, and 25 volunteers were in the single-exposure method group. Two standard sunscreens of SPF 4 and SPF 15 and one sunscreen labeled as SPF 20 were tested by all the three methods in the study. Two experienced observers read results, respectively, under the same conditions. Results The volunteers in the current method group received the largest dose of UV light.The simple method was next to it and the single-exposure reduced 4-5 folds of UV dose received. The results of the two observers in the current method group and the single-exposure group were very close. But the test results of P3 were not completely coincident between the two observers in the simplified method group. SPFs value of the three sunscreens were 4. 12, 16.09, and 22.60 obtained by the observer 1 and 4. 18, 15.92, and 21.97 obtained by the observer 2, respectively. In the simplified method group, SPFs values of ＜4, ＞15, ＞20 and ＜4, ＜15, ＞20 were obtained by the two observers. In the single-exposure method group, SPFs values of the three sunscreens were 4.04, 15.34, 21.33 by the observer 1 and 3. 96, 15.82, 21.33 by the observer 2, respectively. Conclusion The single-exposure method is convenient and easily to operate and may replace the current method some day. The simple method is not valuable in determination of SPF labeled on the packages of sunscreens, but may be useful in supervision of the market sunscreen products.

To discuss the ethical factors influencing the standard diagnosis and treatment of sexual transmitted diseases(STDs) on special population including senile patients,pregnant and lying-in women and children.The senile patients with STDs had a decline of physiological function and might have foundational diseases,some of these patients had the psychological characteristics such as unclear talk,uncertain memory,stronger self-esteem,and had a decline of life quality.Therefore hte main ethical measures during the senile patients with STDs should include considering the pathophysiological and psychological characteristics,adopting individual diagnosis and treatment,making the skill of inquiring and physical examination,and attaching importance to the improvement of life quality.The main ethical measures during the pregnant and lying-in women with STDs should include attaching importance to the marriage examination and pregnant examination,finding potential STDs as soon as possible,and weighing potential medical risk.The main ethical measures during the children with STDs should include paying attention to the infection of family members or sex-aggression,making the protective medicine,doing well the propaganda and education,and making the children away from STDs.

A 48-year-old man presented with a 4-day history of fever and 10-year history of papulovesicles on the face, neck, trunk and limbs which had been aggravated 10 days prior to the presentation.Skin biopsy showed a dermal infiltration of numerous small- to medium-sized atypical lymphocytes, which was mainly located around blood vessels or appendages, with the involvement of subcutaneous fat tissue and destruction of blood vessels. The infiltrating atypical cells stained positive for CD45RO, CD8, CD56, T-cell intracellular antigen-1, granzyme B, Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small nuclear RNAs (EBER), but negative for CD20, CD79a, CD3, CD4 or CD30. Cytoplasmic CD3ε was also observed in these cells. Laboratory examinations on admission revealed a progressive decrease in peripheral erythrocytes, white cells and platelets, persistent increase in serum aminotransferase and bilirubin, and decline in serum fibrinogen and hypertriglyceridemia. The B-mode ultrasound of the abdomen showed hepatosplenomegaly. Based on the above findings,the diagnosis was made as extranodal nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma of skin complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome.

Objective To investigate the expression of cathepsin B in photoaging skin and its signifi-cance.Methods Skin specimens were obtained from the right forearm(sun-exposed sites)and buttock (unexposed sites)of 6 healthy volunteers with informed consent and subjected to immunohistochemistry for the detection of cathepsin B expression.Primary human fibroblasts derived from the prepuce of children aged 3 to 6 years were cultured in vitro;after 10 to 15 passages,cells were divided into four groups to be treated with methoxsalen of 50 mg/L for 24 hours followed by ultraviolet A(UVA)exposure(premature senescence group),phosphate buffered saline(PBS)only(control group),UVA exposure only(UVA group),methoxsalen only(methoxsalen group).Then,the protein and mRNA expressions of cathepsin B were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR,respectively,in these fibroblasts 1,2,3 weeks after the treatment.Results Cathepsin B was observed in both exposed and unexposed sites of all volunteers,and the average absorbence of cathepsin B was significantly lower in exposed sites than in unexposed sites(0.2130±0.7997 vs 0.4520±0.5921,t=5.37,P<0.05).Decreased protein expression of cathepsin B was also noted in the premature senescence group compared with the other three groups.Moreover,the gray ratio between cathepsin B protein and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)in premature senescence group reduced from 28.099±O.054 before treatment to 25.1 03±0.102 in week 1 and 17.693±0.099 in week 3 after UVA exposure.RT-PCR revealed that the mRNA expression level of cathepsin B in fibroblasts of premature senescence group decreased by 36 percent compared with that in the control group.Conclusions The expression of cathepsin B decreases in photoaged skin as well as in UVA-exposed fibroblasts in a time-dependent manner,which may be associated with the self-repair of photoaged skin.

Objective To evaluate effectiveness of peripheral Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of extramammary Paget′s disease (EMPD). Methods A total of 28 patients with EMPD were treated with peripheral Mohs micrographic surgery. The depth and extent of tumor infiltration were evaluated before the surgery. One day before the surgery, 20% aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride was topically applied to determine and label surgical margins under a Wood′s lamp. After fluorescence-based localization, peritumoral skin tissues were resected and underwent frozen-section examination according to the protocol for Mohs micrographic surgery. Meanwhile, the tumor was resected. After surgery, patients were followed up every 3 - 6 months to detect local recurrence and metastasis. Results Of the 28 patients, 25 were male and 3 were female. Six patients each underwent 3 sessions of frozen-section examination, and 12 patients each received 2 sessions, with an average of 1.86 sessions for each patient. During the follow-up for 5 - 72 months, local recurrence occurred in 3 cases, and 1 patient died of tumor metastasis and uremia after 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion Peripheral Mohs micrographic surgery is a time-saving and effective treatment for EMPD.

Objective To summarize the experience in nursing patients undergoing skin biopsy on head and face . Method One hundred and twenty patients with head facial dermatosis undergoing skin tissue biopsy were nursed from August 2012 to October 2013. Result All operation for biopsy were completed smoothly, with the cure rate at the first phase 100.0%, healing time 5~7 days, averaged (7.0 ± 3.0)d and no complications. Conclusion For those patients having undergone facial skin tissue biopsy, the nursing measures like psychological nursing, health education before operation, preoperative relief of mental disorder, postoperative wound nursing and health education, prevention of complications are critical for their recovery.

Objective To investigate the minimal erythema does (MED) of normal skin to UV in Guangzhou city,and to observe its relationship to sex,age,skin type,seasons and the years lived in Guangzhou.Methods 621 healthy subjects were exposed to Solar Simulator (GS2004) and the MED was measured and observed by two professional technicians after (24±2) hours.Results The average MED value of all subjects was (1170.2±333.2) mJ/cm2.In male and female group,the average MED values were (1132.8-339.4) mJ/cm2 and (1182.1 ± 330.7) mJ/cm2,respectively,and there was no significant difference between male and female (P=0.20).The MED value in subjects aged from 30 to 50 (1014.7 ± 359.7) mJ/cm2 was significantly lower than those aged from 20 to 29 (1222.9±304.3) mJ/cm2 and over 50 years (1179.0±374.3) mJ/cm2 (P＜0.01).The MED value in skin type Ⅱ (673.53±228.3) mJ/cm2 was significantly lower than those in type Ⅲ (1224.3±254.2) mJ/cm2 and Ⅳ(1363.1±278.5) mJ/cm2(P＜0.01).There was significant difference of the MED value between different seasons (P＜0.01).The MED value in spring (969.2±355.8) mJ/cm2 was lowest,and followed by summer (969.2± 355.8) mJ/cm2.However,there was no significant difference between autumn and winter (P＞0.05).The MED value in subjects lived in Guangzhou from 5 to 10 years was significantly lower than those whose residence time was from 1 to 4 years and over 10 years,respectively.Conclusions The MED value of the subjects in Guangzhou is quite different from other cities of China,and related to age,skin types,seasons and the years lived in Guangzhou city,while there is no correlation between MED value and gender difference.

Objective To investigate the minimal persistent pigment dose (MPPD)of normal skin to UVA in Guangzhou city,and to observe its relationship to sex,age,skin type,seasons,ITA,and the years lived in Guangzhou.Methods 316 healthy subjects were exposed to Solar 601-300,and the MPPD was measured and observed by two professional technicians after 2-3 hours.Results The average MPPD value of all subjects was (9.61±2.57) J/cm2.In male and female,the average MPPD values were (11.09 ± 2.82) J/cm2 and (9.01 ± 2.20) J/cm2 respectively,and male was significantly higher than female (P＜0.01).There was significant difference of the MPPD value in different seasons (P＜0.01).The MPPD value in winter (10.66± 2.71) J/cm2) was significantly higher than spring (9.37±2.39) J/cm2,summer (9.53±2.66) J/cm2 and autumn (8.98±2.25) J/cm2.There was significant difference of the MPPD value between different ITA groups (P＜0.01).ITA grade-3 (10.72± 2.84) J/cm2 was significantly higher than grade-1 (8.50±1.45) J/cm2 and grade-2 (9.12±2.31) J/cm2 (P＜0.01),but there was no significant difference from grade-4 (11.87±2.73) J/cm2 (P =0.93).The MPPD value in subjects lived in Guangzhou over 10 years (8.97± 1.88) J/cm2 was significantly lower than those whose residence was less than 1 year and from 1 to 5 years,respectively (P＜0.01),but there was no significant difference from those lived from 5 to 10 years (P =0.47).Conclusions The MPPD value of the subjects in Guangzhou is related to gender,seasons,ITA grade and the years lived in Guangzhou city,while there is no correlation with age and skin types.

Objective To investigate the expression changes of aspartic proteinase (cathepsin D) and cysteine proteinase (cathepsin K) in photoaged fibroblasts. Methods The senescence of human fibroblasts was induced via culture in the presence of 8-methoxypsralen (MOP) of 50 mg/L in darkness for 24 hours followed by irradiation with UVA of 80 kJ/m~2. Then, aged fibroblasts were confirmed by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot were carried out to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of cathepsin D and cathepsin K in photoaged and normal control fibroblasts, respectively. Results Western blot showed a significant difference between photoaged and control fibroblasts in the grey scale of cathepsin D and cathepsin K (3.25 ± 0.33 vs 14.18 ± 2.25, f = 30.61, P < 0.01; 2.39 ± 0.66 vs 29.38 ± 4.62, t = 12.63, P< 0.01). The △Ct values for cathepsin D and cathepsin K mRNA were 2.79 ± 0.17 and -0.92 ± 0.06, respectively, in photoaged fibroblasts, significantly lower than those in the control fibroblasts (4.54 ± 0.34, 2.57 ± 0.13, t = 20.78, 28.50, respectively, both P < 0.01). According to the value of 2~(-△△Ct), the expression of cathepsin D and cathepsin K mRNA decreased 0.24 ± 0.021 and 0.09 ± 0.005 folds, respectively, in photoaged fibroblasts compared with the control fibroblasts. Conclusion The expression of cathepsin D and cathepsin K is decreased in photoaged fibroblasts.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of oral viaminate(a vitamine A acid derivative)on acne and its effect on the expression of androgen receptor.Methods Two hundred and eigh-teen patients with acne were allocated to treatment group and control group at random:treatment group was treated by oral viaminate;control group was treated by oral minocycline.The treatment lasted for four weeks.The effect of viaminate on the expression of androgen receptor was studied in COLO-16cells in vitro by using Northern blot or Western blot.Results The therapeutic effect of oral viaminate in treatment group was higher than that in control group(P