AlM:To investigate the opportunity of the concomitant strabismus operation and the function in the treatment of strabismic amblyopia through analyzing the changes of binocular summation of pattern visual evoked potential ( P-VEP ) before and after the surgery of concomitant strabismus.
METHODS: ln this retrospective study we investigated 67 cases admitted in our hospital. All patients were less than 18a and the postoperation squint angle was less than ± 10△. Patients were divided into three groups according to the strabismus type, age, and amblyopia degree. P-VEP binocular summation response was recorded in all cases, to observe the changes of the binocular summation response of P-VEP before strabismus surgery and 1mo, 3mo after surgery. The P-VEP response of binocular /monocular ( B/M ) ratio was taken as an evaluation index.
RESULTS: B/M value of three groups all improved obviously 1mo after surgery, which the difference showed statistical significant (P<0. 01). 1) After 3mo surgery, B/M value in esotropia group was higher than that in exotropia group (P<0. 05). 2) After 3mo surgery, B/M value in≤6a group was higher than that in >12a group (P<0. 05). 3) After 1mo surgery, B/M value in severe amblyopia group was higher than that in mild group (P<0. 05). After 3mo surgery, B/M value in severe amblyopia group was higher than that in mild group significantly (P<0. 01).
CONCLUSlON: Concomitant strabismus surgery is suggested to be performed before 6 years old when the patients are difficult to improve the vision after amblyopia treatment, especially with the severe amblyopia and esotropia (accommodative esotropia must be excluded). The early operation is better to amblyopia treatment and binocular vision recovery.

BackgroundRetinal pigment epithelial(RPE) cells can secrete platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor(PDGFR).Studies have shown that PDGF plays a key role in the formation of proliferative vitreous retinopathy(PVR). ObjectiveThis study was to investigate the proliferation and apoptosis changes of RPE after blockage of the PDGFR-α expression by antisense oligonucleotide ( ASODN ) in vitro. Methods Human RPE cells strain was cultured in low glucose DMEM with 10％ fetal bovine serum.Logarithmic phase cells were collected and incubated in 96-well plate at the density of 5 × 105 cells/hole.PDGFR-α ASODN was transfected into RPE cells at different concentrations for 48 hours.The cells of the blank control group were regularly cultured without any transfection.The changes of PDGFR-α expression were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and the proliferation of RPE was detected by MTT as the A490 value.Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining was used to determine the apoptosis of RPE.Flow cytometry method (FCM) was applied to detect the change of cell cycle and apoptosis rate of RPE cells. ResultsThe A490 values of RPE cells were 1.45±0.12,1.07±0.06,0.65±0.05 in blank control group,1.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group and 2.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group with the significant difference(P=0.00 ),and that of 1.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group and 2.0 μ mol/L Lipo-ASODN group were significantly lower than the blank control group ( P =0.00,0.00).Hoechst 33258 staining showed that the apoptosis cells were obviously more in Lipo-ASODN group compared with blank control group.PDGFR-α ASODN transfection induced an increase of percentage of RPE cells in G0/G1 phase( F =206.70,P =0.00),and the apoptosis rates in 1.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group and 2.0 μmol/L Lipo-ASODN group were significantly enhanced in comparison with blank control group ( 37.8 ± 1.3 vs 10.5 ± 0.1,61.2 ± 1.9 vs 10.5 ± 0.1 ) ( F =1808.90,P =0.00 ).Expression intensity of PDGFR-α mRNA in RPE cells in Lipo-ASODN groups was lower. ConclusionsBlocking the PDGFR-α expression with ASODN technology can suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of RPE cells.Intensity of PDGFR-α mRNA expression in RPE cells is ASODN dose-dependent.ASODN targeted to PDGFR-α offers an experimental basis of the gene therapy for PVR.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease. Its most significant pathological change is destruction of articular cartilage and the main clinical symptoms are pain and dysfunction of joints. Recent studies have shown that the expression of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in chondrocytes can abnormally up-regulate or down-regulate and alter the activities of chondrocytes like their proliferation, migration and apoptosis, thus leading to the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40-100 nm, which are secreted in intercellular fluid, act as medium of intercellular communication. They protect ncRNA, protein, lipid and other bioactive materials from enzymatic degradation by encapsulating them and transferring to sibling chondrocytes, due to their good tissue permeability. They can also improve communication between cells and regulate the activities of chondrocytes. Thus, exosomes behave like gene carriers. The ncRNA carried by exosomes can supplement or adsorb the abnormal ncRNA in chondrocytes, so as to regulate the activity of chondrocytes, and is therefore considered as a possible candidate with capabilities to repair cartilages. In this study we reviewed existing literatures related to the roles and effects of exosome miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA on osteoarthritis. We also reviewed the pathogenesis of exosome ncRNA in osteoarthritis.

Organ transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage organ failure. Nevertheless, rejection remains an important factor affecting the allograft survival. At present, acute rejection may be effectively treated, whereas no effective interventions are available for post-transplantation chronic rejection. Long-term chronic rejection may lead to graft failure and severely affect long-term survival rate of allografts. In recent years, the role of macrophages in post-transplantation chronic rejection has gradually captivated increasing attention. In this article, main pathological changes of chronic rejection, the diversity and functional differences of macrophages involved in chronic rejection, and the role and mechanism of macrophages in chronic rejection were reviewed, and research progresses on macrophage-related treatment for chronic rejection were summarized, aiming to provide reference for the study of macrophages in post-transplantation chronic rejection.

OBJECTIVETo study the extraction system of hirudin emulsion liquid membrane with the Poecilobdella manillensis as raw material, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA) as carrier, Span 80 as emulsifier, octane and D2EHPA mixed to constitute membrane solution, diluted HCl solutions as internal aqueous phase.

METHODUsing the orthogonal experiment to optimize the extraction conditions of hirudin reference substance such as membrane phase, internal aqueous phase volume ratio (MIPVR), external aqueous phase pH, internal aqueous phase pH, mobile carrier concentration and so on, and then using hirudin crude extracts to do purifying experiment, and gaining experimental samples.

RESULTThe optimal conditions of hirudin extraction were as follows: MIPVR 10: 3, internal aqueous phase pH 2.6, external aqueous phase pH 3.4, the mass fraction of carrier D2EHPA 2%. In the optimal extraction conditions, when the initial concentration of hirudin was one anti-thrombin activity units (ATU) x mL(-1), ATU recovery rate of the reference substance was 83.06%. In the purifying experiment of crude extracts, ATU recovery rate was 82.99%, and the specific activity of sample was 3 289.48 the ATU x mg(-1). Discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and spectral scanning, the results showed that the purity and reference substance were considerable.

CONCLUSIONThe method of preparation hirudin was relatively simple, the purity of the experimental samples and ATU recovery were both high.

Animals ; Emulsions ; chemistry ; Hirudins ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Leeches ; chemistry ; Membranes, Artificial ; Solid Phase Extraction ; instrumentation ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the genetic polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in Chengdu Han population.

METHODSSequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region, hypervariable regions I and II from 100 unrelated Chinese Hans were determined by PCR and direct sequencing.

RESULTSSequences of 404 nucleotides for hypervariable region I and 379 nucleotides for region II were obtained. Ninety-two and fifty variable sites were revealed in region I and region II respectively as compared to the reference sequence, and a total of 97 different genetic patterns from both the regions I and II were determined. The probability of identity was estimated at 1.84% for region I, 1.94% for region II, and 1.18% for both the regions.

CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that sequence polymorphism of mtDNA control region would be very useful in forensic practice as a marker for individual identification.

Base Sequence ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; chemistry ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic

AIM: To explore the teaching effect of problem-based learning(PBL)on cultivating students' clinical thinking in clinical practice teaching of ophthalmology.

METHODS: A total of 141 clinical undergraduate students were selected to attend the ophthalmology course in the first semester of the 2017-2018 academic year, students were randomly assigned to the traditional lecture based learning(LBL)teaching group of 69 and the PBL model teaching group of 72 in the clinical practice class. The two groups of students studied the same courses at the early stage, and there was no statistically significant difference in college entrance examination scores, gender, age, and practice time of ophthalmology(P>0.05). At the end of the internship, the teaching effects of the two teaching methods were compared and analyzed by means of students' curriculum assessment questionnaire survey and the clinical examination results.

RESULTS: The evaluation of students' satisfaction with the training of various abilities of the course showed that the satisfaction of each ability of the PBL teaching group was higher than that of the traditional teaching group(LBL). Among these abilities, there were statistically significant differences in learning interest improvement, knowledge expansion ability, problem-solving ability and doctor-patient communication ability(P<0.05). The PBL group was higher than LBL group in terms of case analysis and skill operation in clinical assessment, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: PBL teaching method is more effective in clinical practice teaching of ophthalmology, which is beneficial to train clinical thinking and improve teaching quality.

Some primary bone tumors are prone to hematogenous metastasis and after that, the therapeutic effect is not that good and prognosis is poor. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) shed from the tumor cells of primary or metastatic focus and then enter into blood circulation. CTC may appear in the early stage of the tumor, which can implant in distant organs to form metastatic sites and self-implant in the primary sites leading to the tumor recurrence; CTC are closely related with the prognosis of patients with tumors. In most primary bone tumors, CTC are heterogeneous compared with primary tumor cells. Studying CTC from various aspects can provide a basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of primary bone tumors. This review summarizes the current researches of CTC in common primary bone tumors, and expects the future of research direction and application practice in clinic.

Objective To investigate the influence of portal hypertension (PHT) on the postoperative complications after hepatectomy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Clinical data of 152 HCC patients undergoing hepatectomy in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from March 2003 to October 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the PHT and non-PHT groups. There were 76 patients in the PHT group including 62 males and 14 females, with a mean age of (49±11) years. There were 76 patients in the non-PHT group including 66 males and 10 females, with a mean age of (49±12) years. The informed consents of all patients were obtained and the local ethical committee approval had been received. After hospitalization, all patients received routine examination. The incidence of postoperative complications in two groups was observed and the independent risk factors for postoperative complications were evaluated. Normally distributed data were compared using t test. Non-normally distributed data were compared using Z test. The comparison of rate was conducted using Chi-square test. Independent risk factors for the incidence of postoperative complications were analyzed by Logistic multivariate regression test. Results The incidence of postoperative complications was 42%(32/76) and the liver function-related complications was 36% (27/76) in the PHT group, and were 20% (15/76), 16% (12/76) respectively in the non-PHT group, significant difference was observed between two groups (χ2=8.901, 7.760;P<0.05). No signiifcant difference was observed in the percentage of patients with grade I-II complications between PHT group [75%(24/32)] and non-PHT group [73%(11/15)] (χ2=0.015, P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in the 90-day mortality between PHT group [7%(5/76)] and non-PHT group [3%(2/76)] (χ2=0.599, P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that PHT complication (OR=3.376, 95%CI:1.564-7.287, P<0.05) and number of tumors>2 (OR=1.984, 95%CI:1.248-3.154, P<0.05) were the independent risk factors for postoperative complications. PHT complication (OR=3.231, 95%CI:1.431-7.298, P<0.05), number of tumors>2 (OR=1.832, 95%CI:1.137-2.952, P<0.05) and intraoperative transfusion > 400 ml (OR=2.776, 95%CI: 1.123-6.864, P<0.05) were the independent risk factors for liver function-related complications. Conclusions PHT can increase the incidences of postoperative complications and liver function-related complications after hepatectomy in HCC patients and is the independent risk factor for both complications. However, PHT will not increase the severity of postoperative complications or postoperative mortality.