OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the pharmacy self-taught undergraduate course system in general universities in China. METHODS:According to comparative study and researching related literatures,the situation of pharmacy self-taught undergraduate course system in general universities in China was analyzed,and reform ideas and programs were present-ed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Based onchemistry-biology-psychology-society-medicine-pharmacyin the overall framework of pharmacy undergraduate self-examination course system,it was designed with target of cultivating applied talents;related con-tents in public basic courses,humanities basic course and professional ethics course should throughout the whole teaching process;professional main course should be pharmaceutical knowledge-based,supplemented by medical related courses;the school should set vocational elective course to reform based on combining with the own teaching research direction,characteristics and career ori-entation of different self-taught students. The reform can develop applied talents with ability and political integrity,which meets the needs of social development.

Recently, dry powder inhalation (DPI) has become a hotspot in the research area of pulmonary drug delivery (PDD). With the development of drug micronization technology and the emergence of innovative inhaler device, DPI has now been widely applied. This article introduces the formulation composition of DPI, which consists of micronized drug particles, carrier and inhaler device, and the formulation factors of influencing the aerosolizing and deposition properties are emphatically reviewed.

Changhai hospital begins to practice resident standardization training.This article introduced the basic instance of it, analyzed and summarized the experiences and problems in the process.At last we give some advices to improve the job of resident standardization training.

Early diagnosis and early thrombolysis may have a better prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke.The benefits from the development of modem magnetic resonance imaging techniques in this field have received great attention,and it directly guides the 'management of the acute ischemic stroke,This article briefly reviews diffusion-weighted imaging,perfusion- weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy analysis that are more commonly used in current clini- cal practice.

China ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; Workplace

OBJECTIVE To investigate the reasons of infusion reaction. METHODS The liquid and disposable infusion tubes were tested by limulus amebocyte lysate(LAL).Blood samples were collected when infusion reaction occurred and the bacteria in blood culture were detected. RESULTS A total of 58 cases of infusion reactions within two years were from clinical department.LAL of liquid infusion was positive in 5 cases.Two isolations were identified from liquid infusion respectively.LAL was negative and no isolation for the unsealed bottle of liquid drugs with same batch number.LAL was negative for samples of same lot infusion tubes.The main drugs caused infusion reaction were refined medical herbs,large molecule substance,blood products and the medicine contained potassium ion.53.4% infusion reactions occurred in autumn.The seniles had high incidence.Bacteria were isolated from 5 patients in blood culture after liquid infusion. CONCLUSIONS More than one reason that cause infusion reaction.It is important to reduce incidence of infusion reaction through quality control of infusion tubes and aseptic process in infusion.

Objective Valsartan, the angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor blocker, is recently proved to reduce urinary albumin at the microalbuminuria stage in human diabetic nephropathy without altering glucose metabolism. But the pathway is still uncertain. In present study, we examined the changes of adrenomedullin receptor (ADMR) mRNA and protein expressions in the renal cortex of diabetic rats to investigate the protective effects of valsartan on an experimental model of diabetic renal injury. Method The SD rats were randomly divided into following groups: normal rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with valsartan. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with valsartan (10mg/kg body weight) or vehicle for 8 weeks. The expressions of ADMR mRNA in renal cortex were analyzed by RT-PCR, as well as ADMR protein expressions were detected through western blot. Results We found (1) Valsartan treatments reduced urinary albumin excretion in 24h, compared with the untreated. But no notable difference was seen in HbA1c and blood sugar of diabetic rats between the two groups. (2) Valsartan treatments increased the expressions of ADMR mRNA and protein in diabetic rats renal cortex. Conclusion These results indicate that valsartan treatment can upgrade the expressions of ADMR in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. It may be one of renal protective pathways of Ang Ⅱ type 1 receptor blocker.

To identify the factors that affect the hospital social responsibility(HSR)level based on theoretical analysis.79 TCM hospitals in Jiangsu Province were surveyed with questionnaires,with the data analyzed by the multiple linear regression model.The research results show the following: 1. Hospital’s financial performance,hospital size,and the congress of medical workers are positive factors to the HSR level.2.Pressure from HSR performance of neighboring hospitals has a significant negative impact.3.Hospital’s financial performance and hospital size have a significant positive impact on its intention to fulfill HSR.4.Hospital location has a significant negative impact on its intention to fulfill HSR.

Objective To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)in breast cancers, and understand its clinical significance.Methods The immunohistochemistry was used to determine the ex- pression of COX-2 in the 40 tissues of breast cancer and 18 adjacent noncancerous mammary tissues.Results The positive expression of COX-2 was detected in 52.5% of breast cancer tissues and in 11.1% of adjacent noncancerous mammary tissues.There was a significant difference in the expression of COX-2 between breast cancer tissues and adjacent noncancerous mammary tissues(P0.05).Conclusion COX-2 was over expressed in breast cancer and correlated with metastatic lymph nodes and HER-2/neu.The expression of COX-2 may play an important role in carcinogen- esis,progression and prognosis of breast cancer.

?AIM: To study the changes of choroidal thickness and hemodynamic parameters in patients with diabetic retinopathy and their influencing factors.?METHODS: From January 2013 to January 2015, 100 patients (100 eyes) with type 2 diabetes were divided into 3 groups:34 patients without diabetic retinopathy ( NDR) , 36 patients with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( NPDR) group, and 30 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). According to the results of OCT, the patients with diabetic retinopathy were divided into 2 groups: diabetic macular edema ( DME ) group ( 28 cases) , and 38 cases without diabetic macular edema. During the same period in our hospital 35 subjects for physical examination were selected as the control group. The hemodynamic parameters of the posterior ciliary artery in different groups of patients at different distance from the center of the macular were compared, analyzing influencing factors.?RESULTS:With the aggravation of diabetic retinopathy, the choroidal thickness in different distance from the center of the macular decreased. The choroidal thickness of NPDR and PDR group were thinner than that of the control group (P<0. 05). The choroidal thickness of NDR group was not different from the control group (P>0. 05). There was no significant difference in the choroidal thickness between the DME patients and non DME patients (P>0. 05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between choroidal thickness of patients with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic duration, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, eye axis length, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (P>0. 05), but there was a correlation with BCVA (logMAR) (P<0. 01). EDV and PSV in NDR group and NPDR group were significantly lower than those in control group, RI was higher than that in control group. PSV and EDV in PDR group were significantly lower than those in other three groups, RI was higher than the other three groups, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0. 05).?CONCLUSION:With the severity of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients, the choroidal thickness decreased, and the thickness of the choroid is beneficial in the comprehensive analysis of 2 diabetic retinopathy.