Objective To evaluate the variables which can be used as prognostic factors in predicting the outcome of Graves disease(GD)after treatment with antithyroid drugs.Methods We performed a retrospective audit of 204 patients with newly diagnosed Graves disease consecutively at the Ruijin Hospital.Results Overall,110 patients(53.9%)were considered to be treatment failures.Age at the time of diagnosis was(31.0±12.2)years in the successful group and(36.3±14.0)years in the failure group.Free T3(FT3)was(25.60±9.52)pmol/L and(19.16±6.38)pmol/L in the failure and the successful group(P=0.001).FT3 to FT4 ratio and thyrotrophin recptor antibody(TRAb)levels were higher in the failure group(P=0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that thyroid size,FT3 to FT4 ratio and TRAb at the time of diagnosis were associated with failure outcome.The patients reached euthyroid state at 3,6,9 and 12 months respectively and in the failure group the patients with continued thyrotropin suppression were more than those in the successful group(P=0.001).Conclusions Graves disease patients with large thyroid size,high levels of TRAb and FT3 to FT4 ratio before drug treatment are more likely to fail to respond to antithyroid drug treatment.We also found that patients with continuing thyrotropin suppression and attainmen of euthyroid state in the course of treatment had low remission rate and prolonged therapy.

Objective To explore the mechanism of persistent thyrotropin suppression in euthyroid patients with Graves′ disease after antithyroid drugs (ATD) treatment. Methods A prospective clinical study was performed in 122 patients with newly diagnosed Graves′ disease. All the patients were treated with 30 mg methimazole or 300 mg propylthiouracil daily, to whom L-T4was added, aiming at normalizing FT3 and FT4 but avoiding elevated TSH level. When the patients were clinically and biochemically euthyroid for at least 3 months, their blood levels of thyroid hormones, TSH, TSH receptor antibody(TRAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb) were detected again and the cases were divided into two groups according to negative or positive TRAb. Results After treatment as long as (7.1±1.1) months, stable euthyroid status was restored for 3 months. When the patients reached the euthyroid state, 64 of them still had detectable TRAb levels, and 58 became negative TRAb. The two groups had similar levels of FT3 and FT4, but patients with positive TRAb had lower TSH level than patients with negative TRAb[0.044 mIU/L(0.001-4.163 mIU/L) vs 1.749 mIU/L(0.079-4.646 mIU/L),P＜0.01]. In addition, the TSH level was negatively correlated with TRAb level (r=-0.539, P＜0.01), and not with FT3, FT4 levels or other factors. Conclusion The present study showed that elevated TRAb level is associated with persistent suppression of TSH in patients with Graves′ disease after being rendered euthyroid. This finding may be due to the binding of TRAb to pituitary TSH receptor.

Objective To observe the effect of sevoflurane in promoting the proliferation of adult rat neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro and explore its possible molecular mechanisms. Methods Adult rat NSCs in routine cell culture were identified with immunofluorescence labeling using nestin antibody. After a 2-h culture, the NSCs were placed in an airtight and temperature-controlled cell culture chamber for a 2-h exposure to sevoflurane at the concentrations of 1.3%, 1.9%, 2.7%, and 3.3%. The cells were then routinely cultured in the presence of 5% CO2 for 24 h. DAPI staining was used to assess the changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis, and Western blot performed to detect the phosphorylation level of cAMP response clement binding protein (CREB). Results Compared with the control cells, the NSCs exposed to 1.9%, 2.7%, and 3.3% sevoflurane showed significantly increased cell number after the 24-h incubation, and the increment increased significantly with the concentration of sevoflurane (P<0. 05). Western blotting detected the presence of CREB and phospho-CREB expressions in both the control cells and the cells exposed to 1.3% and 1.9% sevoflurane, and the expression levels were the highest in cells exposed to 1.9% sevoflurane (P<0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane can promote the proliferation of adult rat NSCs in vitro possibly by enhancing the phosphorylation of CREB.

OBJECTIVETo compare the differences in intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) and arterial oxygenation between selective left lower lobar blockade by Coopdech endobronchial blocker tubes (BB) and one lung ventilation (OLV) by left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tubes (DLT) in patients with normal pulmonary function.

METHODSThirty-six patients (aged 32-64 years) scheduled for lower esophageal surgery were allocated randomly into BB and DLT groups (n=18). Anesthesia was induced and maintained with Propofol by target controlled infusion with intravenous administration of sufentanil and cisatracurium if needed. A 35 to 39 French tube was placed in the DLT group, and an 8.0-mm (internal diameter) single-lumen endotracheal tube was used in the BB group where a 9 French Coopdech BB was advanced into the left lower lobar bronchus guided by a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The variables recorded were blood gas analysis data from the venous and arterial blood samples at 20 min after two-lung ventilation in supine position (T(1)), 20 min after initiation of one-lung ventilation or selective left lower lobar blockade by inflating BB balloons in the right lateral decubitus position (T(2)), total collapse of the left lung or the left lower lobe after the pleura was opened (T(3)), and before tracheal extubation (T(4)). Qs/Qt was calculated using a standard formula based on the three-compartment model. Upon pleura opening, the effectiveness of lung collapse was evaluated by the surgeon who performed the surgery. Chest radiograph and arterial blood gas analyses were performed the day after the operation.

RESULTSBoth of the groups were similar with regard to rank of the surgical exposure, pH, PaCO(2), hemoglobin from T(1) to T(4), Qs/Qt, PaO(2), PO(2), and oxygenation index at T1. In BB group, a significant reduction of Qs/Qt and greater improvements in PaO(2), PO(2), oxygenation index at T(2), T(3) and T(4) were observed in comparison with those in DLT group (P<0.05 or <0.01). No lobe collapse was observed postoperatively in BB group, but 2 patients in DLT group showed left lower lobe atelectasis. The patients in BB group showed better postoperative arterial oxygenation and shorter postoperative hospital stay (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSelective left lower lobar blockade by Coopdech endobronchial blocker tube during lower esophageal surgery provides a lower intraoperative intrapulmonary shunt and a better intra- and postoperative arterial oxygenation..

Adult ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Bronchoscopes ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; instrumentation ; methods ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Female ; Fiber Optic Technology ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; methods ; Lung ; physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Oxygen ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacology ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; Thoracic Surgical Procedures ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of propofol at doses for different anesthesia depths on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different cerebral regions at propofol uptake equilibrium in dogs.

METHODSTwelve 12-18-month-old healthy hybrid dogs weighing 10-12 kg were randomly divided into light anesthesia group (n=6) and deep anesthesia group (n=6) with a single bolus dose of propofol (5.5 and 7.0 mg/kg, respectively) completed in 15 s followed by intravenous propofol infusion at a constant rate (55 and 70 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1), respectively). Blood samples (2 ml) were taken from the internal carotid artery and jugular vein to measure plasma propofol concentrations 50 min after the start of the infusion. The dogs were then sacrificed and tissues were taken from different brain regions and the cervical cord to measure GABA concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).

RESULTSThe plasma propofol concentrations in internal carotid artery and jugular vein were similar in both light anesthesia group (3.00 ± 0.31 and 3.10 ± 0.51 µg/ml, respectively, P>0.05) and deep anesthesia group (6.41 ± 0.05 and 6.40 ± 0.11 µg/ml, respectively, P>0.05). GABA concentrations in the brain regions were significantly higher in deep anesthesia group than in light anesthesia group (P<0.05). The dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus showed greater GABA variations [(83.83 ± 2.230%) and (85.83 ± 1.72)%] compared to other brain regions at different anesthesia depths (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn both groups, plasma propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein reach equilibrium at 50 min of propofol infusion. The variation of GABA is associated with the anesthesia depth of propofol, and GABA variation in the dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus plays an important role in propofol anesthesia.

Anesthetics, Intravenous ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Propofol ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo assess the feasibility of using subclinical doses of pentazocine in painless egg retrieval.

METHODSEighty-one patients undergoing painless egg retrieval were randomized into the observation group and the control group to receive 0.4 mg/kg pentazocine with 1.5 mg/kg propofol and 0.5 mg/kg pentazocine with 1.5 mg/kg propofol, respectively. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), SPO(2), respiratory rate (RR), unconsciousness time, awake time, hospital stay, complications, consciousness during the operation and adverse effects were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe two groups showed no significant differences in the analgesic effect, dosage of propofol, adverse effects, unconsciousness time, awake time, or hospital stay. But compared with the control group, the observation group showed greater intraoperative consciousness but with more stable respiration.

CONCLUSIONSubclinical doses of pentazocine can be used in the painless egg retrieval, but the dose of propofol should be increased to reduce the body activity during the operation.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia ; administration & dosage ; Adult ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Oocyte Donation ; methods ; Pain ; prevention & control ; Pentazocine ; administration & dosage ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; Vagina

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of parecoxib on morphine dosage in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) following thoracoscope-assisted thoracotomy.

METHODSA consecutive series of 100 patients undergoing thoracoscope-assisted thoracotomy were randomized into 5 groups and received PCA with morphine doses at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg given in 200 ml saline (groups P(1), P(2), P(3), P(4), and P(5), respectively). Parecoxib (40 mg) was given in all the patients immediately before the operation, and the mixture (4-5 ml) of lidocaine and ropivacaine was administered into the 3 intercostal spaces upper and lower to the incision before chest closure. PCA was administered for each patient. The visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and coughing and the respiratory functional parameters were recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after the start of PCA, and the actual and effective button-pressing times (D(1)/D(2)) in PCA were also recorded.

RESULTSNo patients showed signs of respiratory inhibition within 24 h after the operation, and the resting VAS was comparable between the groups within the initial 6 postoperative hours. At 8 to 24 h postoperatively, the VAS scores at rest and coughing were significantly higher in P(1) group than in the other groups (P<0.05), and no significant differences were found between the groups at 36 to 48 h. D(1)/D(2) in groups P(1) and P(2) were significantly different from those in the other 3 groups at 4-24 h, but no such difference was found between groups P(3), P(4), and P(5).

CONCLUSIONThe application of parecoxib may reduce the dosage of morphine in PCA following thoracoscope-assisted thoracotomy and results in good analgesic effect without affecting the patients respiratory function and sputum elimination.

Adult ; Aged ; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled ; methods ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Isoxazoles ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Morphine ; administration & dosage ; Pain, Postoperative ; drug therapy ; Thoracoscopy ; Thoracotomy ; methods ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo observe the regional distribution of propofol in canine spinal cord under noxious stimulation.

METHODSTwelve healthy hybrid dogs (12-18 months old, weighing 10-12 kg) were randomly divided into control group (n=6) and stimulation group (n=6). All the dogs were anesthetized with a single bolus dose of propofol (7 mg/kg) in 15 seconds followed by propofol infusion at a constant rate of 70 mg/kg/h via the great saphenous vein of the right posterior limb. In the stimulation group, the tails of the dogs were clamped for 5 min after 45 min of propofol infusion. Blood samples were taken from the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein at 50 min after propofol infusion to detect plasma propofol concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The dogs were then immediately sacrificed by decapitation and the frontal horn, posterior horn, intermediate zone, frontal funiculus, posterior funiculus and lateral funiculus of the spinal cord were dissected for determination of propol content by HPLC.

RESULTSThe plasma concentrations of propofol in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein were 5.07-/+0.23 and 5.03-/+0.10 microg/ml in the stimulation group, respectively showing no significant differences from those in the control group (5.09-/+0.03 and 5.08-/+0.03 microg/ml, P>0.05). In the control group, the propofol concentration was 5.09-/+0.08 microg/g in the frontal horm, 5.10-/+0.08 microg/g in the posterior horn, 5.05-/+0.19 microg/g in the intermediate zone, 5.06-/+0.14 microg/g in the frontal funiculus, 5.06-/+0.15 microg/g in the posterior funiculus and 5.06-/+0.41 microg/g in the lateral funiculus, showing no significant differences (P>0.05). The propofol concentrations in the frontal horn (7.65-/+0.47 microg/g) and posterior funiculus (7.06-/+0.82 microg/g) in the stimulation group were significantly higher than those in the other spinal cord tissues (P<0.05) and those in the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONAt 50 min after intravenous injection of propofol at a constant rate of 70 mg/kg/h, plasma propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein reaches equilibrium with a balanced distribution in all the spinal cord regions. Propofol concentration can be higher in the frontal horn and posterior funiculus under noxious stimulation.

Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Nociceptors ; drug effects ; physiology ; Pain ; physiopathology ; Physical Stimulation ; Propofol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Spinal Cord ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of hypertonic sodium chloride hydroxyethyl starch 40 injection (HSH) in treatment of acute intracranial hypertension complicated by hemorrhagic shock in dogs, and explore the mechanism of the effects of HSH.

METHODSTwenty dogs were randomized into 4 equal groups, namely the 7.5% NaCl (HS) group, Ringer-Lactates solution (RL) group, hydroxyethyl strarch (HES) group, and HSH group. Canine models of acute intracranial hypertension complicated by hemorrhagic shock were established by epidural balloon inflation with saline and rapid discharge of the arterial blood. One hour after the induced shock, the dogs were given HS (6 ml/kg), RL of 3-fold volume of blood loss, HES of equivalent volume of blood loss, and HSH 8 ml/kg in the 4 groups, respectively. During the shock and resuscitationperiod, the intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of the dogs were monitored, and the serum sodium level and plasma osmolality were measured at 30 min, 1 h and 4 h after the resuscitation.

RESULTSAll dogs had similar MAP, CPP, and ICP before resuscitation (P>0.05). After resuscitation, the MAP was significantly improved (P<0.01), but the dogs in HSH group exhibited the fastest response; with the exception of the dogs in HS group to have significantly decreased MAP 2 h after resuscitation (P<0.01), all the other dogs maintained the MAP for 4 h. The CPP was also significantly increased after resuscitation (P<0.01), and in HS group, CPP decreased significantly after 2 h (P<0.01), and HSH group maintained the high CPP after 4 h. The ICP was increased significantly in RL and HES groups after resuscitation (P<0.01), reaching the peak level at 1 and 3 h, respectively, but in HS and HSH groups, the ICP decreased significantly to the lowest level at 1 h (P<0.01) which was maintained for 4 h. After resuscitation, the plasma sodium and plasma osmolality were significantly increased in HSH and HS groups.

CONCLUSIONIn dogs with acute intracranial hypertension and hemorrhagic shock, HSH can effectively resuscitate hemorrhagic shock and decrease ICP, and the effect is longer-lasting than that of HS.

Acute Disease ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Intracranial Hypertension ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Male ; Plasma Substitutes ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Random Allocation ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; complications ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of EEG approximate entropy (ApEn) in rats during focal cerebral infarction.

METHODSTwenty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into infarction group (n=12) with middle cerebral artery occlusion and sham-operated group (n=12). The EEG data (ApEn) was recorded in the bilateral areas (C3, C4) of the rats with focal cerebral infarction before the infarction and immediately and at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after the infarction. The same measurement was carried out in the sham-operated group.

RESULTSIn the sham-operated group, ApEn in C3 and C4 showed no obvious differences at the time points (P>0.05), but in the infarction group, ApEn in C3 and C4 increased significantly after the infarction. ApEn in the ischemic area (C4) was significantly lower than that in the non-ischemic area (C3) (P<0.05). The bilateral ApEn decreased with the passage of time. ApEn in the ischemic area (C4) was significantly lowered at 30 min after the infarction in comparison with that before infarction (P<0.05). In the sham-operated group, ApEn showed no significant difference between C3 and C4. ApEn was comparable between the two groups before the operation.

CONCLUSIONApEn can help monitor the occurrence of focal cerebral infarction of rats, and may be used to assess the extent of cerebral ischemia after infarction.

Animals ; Cerebral Infarction ; physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Entropy ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley