No abstract available.
Metabolism*

No abstract available.
Metabolism*

No abstract available.
Metabolism*

No abstract available.
Metabolism*

No abstract available.
Metabolism

Uridine is one of the essential nutrients in organisms. To maintain normal cell growth and intracellular metabolism, the uridine must be maintained at certain concentration. Recent studies have shown that uridine can reduce inflammatory response in organisms, participate in glycolysis, and regulate intracellular protein modification, such as glycosylation and acetylation. Furthermore, it can protect cells from hypoxic injury by reducing intracellular oxidative stress, promoting high-energy compounds synthesis. Previous studies have shown that the protective effects of uridine are closely related to its effect on mitochondria. This review summarizes the effect of uridine on mitochondrial function.
Uridine/metabolism* ; Mitochondria/metabolism*

Methane monooxygenases (MMO), regarded as "an amazing biomolecular machine", catalyze the oxidation of methane to methanol under aerobic conditions. MMO catalyze the oxidation of methane elaborately, which is a novel way to catalyze methane to methanol. Furthermore, MMO can inspire the biomolecular machine design. In this review, we introduced MMO including structure, gene and catalytic mechanism. The history and the taxonomy of MMO were also introduced.
Catalysis ; Methane ; metabolism ; Methanol ; metabolism ; Oxygenases ; metabolism

Sucrose is a natural product occurs widely in nature. In living organisms such as plants, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is the key rate-limiting enzyme for sucrose synthesis. SPS catalyzes the synthesis of sucrose-6-phosphate, which is further hydrolyzed by sucrose phosphatase to form sucrose. Researches on SPS in recent decades have been focused on the determination of enzymatic activity of SPS, the identification of the inhibitors and activators of SPS, the covalent modification of SPS, the carbohydrate distribution in plants regulated by SPS, the mechanism for promoting plant growth by SPS, the sweetness of fruit controlled by SPS, and many others. A systematic review of these aspects as well as the crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of SPS are presented.
Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Glucosyltransferases/metabolism* ; Plants/metabolism* ; Sucrose

The adhesive protein secreted by marine sessile animals can resist the resistance of water and exert stickiness under the humid environment. It has become a candidate for the development of high-performance materials in the field of biomedicine and bionics. Barnacles are as one of the marine macrofoulers that can be firmly attached to the underwater substrate materials with different surface characteristics through its cement proteins. To date, the adhesion process of barnacle has been understood in-depth, but the specific underwater adhesion mechanism has not been elucidated and needs further exploration. This review first presented an overview of barnacle and its adhesion process, followed by summarizing the advances of barnacle adhesive protein, its production methods, and applications. Moreover, challenges and future perspectives were prospected.
Animals ; Thoracica/metabolism* ; Proteins/metabolism* ; Adhesives/metabolism*

Steroids are a class of medicines with important physiological and pharmacological effects. In pharmaceutical industry, steroidal intermediates are mainly prepared through Mycobacteria transformation, and then modified chemically or enzymatically into advanced steroidal compounds. Compared with the "diosgenin-dienolone" route, Mycobacteria transformation has the advantages of abundant raw materials, cost-effective, short reaction route, high yield and environmental friendliness. Based on genomics and metabolomics, the key enzymes in the phytosterol degradation pathway of Mycobacteria and their catalytic mechanisms are further revealed, which makes it possible for Mycobacteria to be used as chassis cells. This review summarizes the progress in the discovery of steroid-converting enzymes from different species, the modification of Mycobacteria genes and the overexpression of heterologous genes, and the optimization and modification of Mycobacteria as chassis cells.
Mycobacterium/metabolism* ; Steroids/metabolism* ; Phytosterols/metabolism* ; Genomics