Through studies on the hormonal threshold area of menstruation had shown that the hormonal threshold area of menstruation is not a right line but an area consisted of two limits, superior and inferior ones. Menstrual bleeding occurred only when the curve of hormonal effect on development of the endometrium is situated in this area of two limits. Above or under that threshold area the curve of hormonal effect on development does not cause endometrial hemorrhage. The author also showed that the superior limit has a mean value 57.65±43.36 pmol/L and the inferior one is at 29.27±19.43 pmol/L of estradiol. Basing on the above statement the author suggested that the menstruation may be defined as occurred when the curve of hormonal effect on endometrial development situates in a threshold area of menstrual bleeding and not when the sexual steroids go down under a certain threshold as earlier
Hormones ; Menstruation

The infertility rate changes from 10% to 18%. This rate is 13% in Vietnam. The reason of infertility can be attributed to both husband or/and wife. So both of them must be examined. Some principles and method of infertility treatment: treatment for both husband and wife ASAP, radical treatment for genital infection or inflamatory, early treatment for menstruation disorder; combination clomiphencitrate with HCG; gamete intra-fallopian transfer; in vtro - fertilization embryo transfer; intra cytoplasmic sperm infection.
Infertility ; Infection ; Menstruation Disturbances

Retrograde menstruation: Due to heat stagnation in the liver channel. Principle of treatment: clearing away the liver-fire, ensuring proper downward flow of the blood. Acupoints: Taichung, Chihkou, Hoku, Yinghsiang, Keshu. Reducing needle manipulation was applied. Due to deficiency of yin fluid of both the lung and kidney. Principle of treatment: Tonifying the kidney and moistening the lung, nourishing yin and stopping bleeding, ensuring proper downward flow of the blood. Acupoints: Taiyuan, Yuchi, Hoku, Yinghsiang, Taihsi. Uniform reinforcing, reducing needle manipulation was applied. 2. Hemafecia (hematuria) during mentruation. Including hemafecia before menstruation. Principle of treatment: clearing away heat and moistening, removing heat from the blood to stop bleeding. Acupoints: Chüchih, Erhchien, Neiting, Shangchuhsu, Chengshan, Liehchüch, Kungtsui. Reducing needle manipulation was applied. And Hematuria before menstruation. Principle of treatment: Diuresis, clearing away heat, removing heat from the blood to stop bleeding. Acupoints: Sanyinjiao, Hsiahchüshü, Xuehai, Yinlingchuan. Reducing needle manipulation was applied
Acupuncture ; Women ; Menstruation ; Therapeutics

No abstract available.
Female ; Female* ; Humans ; Menarche* ; Menstruation*

PURPOSE: This paper presented a descriptive study which aimed to identify the relationship among menstrual attitude, premenstrual distress and premenstrual coping in Korean college women and to propose fundamental data for the development of guidelines for effective management of premenstrual distress. METHODS: The data were collected from 111 college women and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The mean score of premenstrual coping was 3.25±0.60 out of 5 points. The ‘Awareness and Acceptance of Premenstrual Change’ score was highest and the ‘Avoiding Harm’ score was lowest. Menstrual attitude was significantly related to premenstrual distress (r=.37 p<.001) and the awareness and acceptance style of premenstrual coping (r=-.21. p=.021). And premenstrual distress was significantly related to the self-care coping style of premenstrual coping (r=.30, p=.001), the adjusting energy coping style of premenstrual coping (r=.45, p<.001) and the avoiding harm coping style of premenstrual coping (r=.48, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Results of this study support that positive attitude about menstruation is necessary for the effective management of premenstrual distress. Also, premenstrual coping programs that consider the level of premenstrual distress will be needed for college women.
Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Self Care

Recurrent pneumothorax was associated with the menstrual cycle in two women 20 to 30 years age; this is referred to as catamenial pneumothorax. This form of pneumothorax occurs within 72 hours before or after the onset of menstruation. The pathophysiology underlying this condition is unknown. We report here on two cases of catamenial pneumothorax that were successfully treated by partial resection of the diaphragm.
Diaphragm ; Female ; Humans ; Menstrual Cycle ; Menstruation ; Pneumothorax

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors which effect clinical nurses' exhaustion. METHODS: This research was conducted targeting 140 clinical nurses. Data were collected from 18 September to 30 September 2015. Data were analyzed using the program SPSS/WIN 18.0. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression analysis were used. RESULTS: Burnout was significantly different by age (F=7.99, p=.001), marital status (t=8.69, p=.004), department area (F=7.65, p<.001), frequency of night work in a month (F=7.65, p=<.001), and clinical career (F=3.68, p=.028). There was positive correlations between menstrual attitudes of participants and premenstrual syndrome (r=34, p<.001), menstrual attitudes and stress (r=.40, p<.001), and menstrual attitudes and burnout (r=.16, p=.031). There were positive correlations between premenstrual syndrome and stress (r=.46, p<.001), between premenstrual syndrome and burnout (r=.35, p<.001), and between stress and burnout (r=.36, p<.001). Factors influencing burnout were premenstrual syndrome (β=.335) and age (β=.216), with an explanatory power of 18.0%. CONCLUSION: There is a need to develop and apply program for reducing clinical nurses' pre-menstrual syndrome. In addition, policies are needed to allow for menstruation leave, thereby making it legal.
Female ; Marital Status ; Menstruation ; Premenstrual Syndrome*

OBJECTIVE: North Korean women defectors have suffered from anxiety, depression, and somatization after defection. Also they have had many menstrual problems like amenorrhea. This study was done to identify the correlations of anxiety, depression, and somatization to menstrual problems among North Korean woman defectors in South Korea. METHODS: The participants in this study were 126 women from 5 government resettlement centers throughout South Korea. Questionnaires which included State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Center for Epidemiological studies-Depression Scale (CED-S), and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were used to identify anxiety and somatization. Data were collected between June and September, 2012. RESULTS: The women reported the following problems; amenorrhea (9.5%), hypomenorrhea (13.6%), menorrhagia (19.8%), polymenorrhea (13.5%), oligomenorrhea (4.8%), changes in amount of menstrual discharge (4.0%), and changes in amount of blood clot (9.5%). Anxiety (r=0.20, p=0.002), depression (r=0.25, p=0.005), and Somatization (r=0.35, p<0.001) were correlated with number of menstrual problems. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that mental health services need to be taken into account in interventions for North Korean woman defectors to improve their reproductive health including addressing menstrual problems.
Amenorrhea ; Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Menorrhagia ; Menstruation ; Menstruation Disturbances ; Mental Health Services ; Oligomenorrhea ; Reproductive Health

Through the discussion on TCM physiological characters of females in follicular, ovulatory, luteal and menstrual phases and treatment principles, the clinical application of artificial cycle therapy of acupuncture and moxibustion was introduced for irregular menstruation and the typical cases were attached. It is suggested that the menstrual cycle follows the growth-consumption rule of yin, yang, qi and blood. The corresponding treatment principles should be applied in accordance with the change rule of menstrual cycle. Hence, it is worth to adopt the artificial cycle therapy of acupuncture and moxibustion for irregular menstruation in clinical application.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Menstruation Disturbances ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Moxibustion

Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; physiology ; Menstruation Disturbances ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Occupational Health ; Stress, Psychological ; complications ; epidemiology ; physiopathology