Objective To explore the growing development and community succession of main sarcos-aphagous insects on pig carcasses in summer indoor and outdoor environment in Shenzhen area and to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI). Methods From early May to August in 2013, in Forensic Med-ical Examination Center of Shenzhen Public Security Bureau, the main insect species and the decomposi-tion process were observed in two adult pig carcasses of simulative indoor and outdoor environment. The different decomposition stages and the community succession of insects were recorded. Results The indoor and outdoor pig carcasses showed skeleton 412.5 and 325 hours after death, respectively. The main species of flies on pig carcasses were Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya chani. The main species of beetles were Crecphilus maxillosus, Necrobia ruficollis, Saprinus splendens and Dermestes maculatu. The dominant species of flies in the outdoor pig carcasses obviously produced the second generations due to the effect of mass rainfall, nor in the indoor pig carcasses. Conclusion There are regular patterns on the community succession of insects on pig carcasses in summer indoor and out-door environment in Shenzhen area. The activity patterns of seven typical insects and their larva show important value for estimating PMI.

Objective To study the changes of renal cortex angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ) expression and podocyte autophagy in aging rats with normotension versus hypertension,to further investigate the possible mechanism of renal injury in hypertension during aging.Methods Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto-rats (WKYs) were allocated to three groups by age of 3-month-old group,13-month-old group,22-month-old group.Gender,age and number-matched spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) served as controls.Blood pressure was monitored.Levels of urinary albumin,urinary creatinine,serum creatinine (SCR),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),Ang Ⅱ in serum and in renal cortex were detected.The kidney ultrastructural changes and podocyte autophagosomes were observed under light and transmission electron microscopy.Expressions of nephrin,LC3B Ⅱ,Atg5 and p62 in glomeruli were analyzed by Western blotting.Results Blood pressure was significantly higher in SHRs than in WKYs (P＜0.05).During aging from 3-month-old to 13-month-old and to 22 monthold group,the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was increased significantly in SHRs with hypertension and in WKYs with normotension [WKY:(0.12±0.01) g/mmol,(0.14±0.04) g/mmol vs.(0.34± 0.05) g/mmol;in SHR:(0.29±0.04) g/mmol,(0.31±0.05) g/mmol vs.(0.72±0.16) g/mmol,P＜0.05],but SCR and BUN levels had no significant difference in SHRs and WKYs during aging (both P＞0.05).And Ang Ⅱ levels in both serum and renal cortex had no significant change in normotension group during aging three time points (both P＞0.05).An age-dependent decrease of Ang Ⅱ level in renal cortex appeared during aging three time points in hypertensive rats [SHR:(0.02 ±0.00) μg/L,(0.02±0.00) μg/L vs.(0.01±0.00) μg/L,P＜0.05],but serum level of Ang Ⅱ had no significant difference during aging three time points (P＞ 0.05) in hypertension group.The structural changes,including glomerulosclerosis,tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were observed during aging three time points both in normotensive and hypertensive rats,but these pathological changes were more serious in hypertensive rats.Autophagosomes relatively accumulated in aging normotensive rats.The protein expressions of LC3B Ⅱ,Atg5 and p62 were increased in normotensive rats during aging (all P＜0.05).While the protein expressions of nephrin,LC3B Ⅱ,Atg5 and p62 were decreased in aging hypertensive rats (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Ang Ⅱ expression level in renal cortex is decreased during aging in hypertensive rats.Podocyte autophagic activity is relatively decreased during aging in normotensive rats,but is relatively increased during aging in hypertensive rats.Ang Ⅱ-induced podocyte autophagy may be involved in the pathogenesis of renal injury in hypertension during aging.

Objective To examine the effects of benazepril and losartan on glomerular podocyte autophagy in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and investigate the underlying mechanisms of renal-protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB).Methods Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) were used as the normal control (NORM) group (2 ml physiological saline per day).SHRs were randomly divided into 4 groups:the CTRL group (2 ml physiological saline per day),the ACEI group (10 mg · kg-1 · d-1),the ARB group (30 mg· kg-1 ·d-1) and the combined group (10 mg· kg-1 · d-1 benazepril and 30 mg· kg-1 · d-1),with six 18-month-old make rats in each group.The experiments were conducted during a 4-month period.Blood pressure was monitored regularly.At the end of the experiments,we measured the levels of urine protein,urine creatinine,serum creatinine (SCR),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),and serum and renal cortex angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ).Ultrastructural changes in the kidney were examined under light and transmission electron microscopy.The expressions of nephrin,LC3BⅡ,Atg5 and p62 in the glomerulus were analyzed by Western blot analysis.Results After treatment,the blood pressure and the urine albumin/creatinine ratio of the four SHR groups were still significantly higher than those of the NORM group,but the blood pressure and the urine albumin/creatinine ratio of the ARB group and the combined group were significantly lower than those of the CTRL group (all P＜ 0.05);There were no significant differences in SCR and BUN levels among these five groups (P＞ 0.05);The level of serum AngⅡ of the combined group was significantly higher than that of the CTRL group [CTRL (0.08±0.00) μg/L,Combined (0.12±0.01) μg/L,P＜0.05];The levels of cortex AngⅡ of the four SHR groups were significantly lower than those of the NORM group,while the level of cortex AngⅡ of the ARB group was significantly higher than that of the CTRL group (all P＜0.05);Renal ultrastructural examination revealed shrunken glomeruli,fused or effaced epithelial cell foot processes,and focal atrophy of renal tubules in the four SHR groups.These pathological changes were more serious in the CTRL group but less so in the combined group.There were significantly more autophagosomes in the NORM group and the combined group than in the CTRL group (P＜0.05).Compared with the NORM group,the expressions of nephrin,LC3BⅡ,Atg5 and p62 in the CTRL group were suppressed significantly (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of nephrin,LC3BⅡ and Atg5 in the ACEI group and the expressions of nephrin,LC3BⅡ,Atg5 and p62 in the ARB group and the combined group were higher than in the CTRL group (P＜0.05).Conclusions ACEI/ARB can decrease the autophagic activity of glomerular podocytes.The renal-protective effects of ACEI/ARB may be mediated by glomerular podocyte autophagy,which is induced by AngⅡ.

Objective To detect the changes of microbial community functional diversity of corpses with different postmortem interval(PMI)and to evaluate forensic application value for estimating PMI. Methods The cultivation of microbial community from the anal swabs of aSusscrofaand a human corpse placed in field environment from 0 to 240 h after death was performed using the Biolog-Eco Mi-croplate and the variations of the absorbance values were also monitored. Combined with the technology of forensic pathology and flies succession, the metabolic characteristics and changes of microbial commu-nity on the decomposed corpse under natural environment were also observed.Results The diversity of microbial metabolism function was found to be negatively correlated with the number of maggots in the corpses. The freezing processing had the greatest impact on average well color development value at 0 h and the impact almost disappeared after 48 h. The diversity of microbial metabolism of the samples be-came relatively unstable after 192 h. The principal component analysis showed that 31 carbon sources could be consolidated for 5 principal components(accumulative contribution ratio >90%). The carbon source tsquare-analysis showed thatN-acetyl-D-glucosamine andL-serine were the dominant carbon sources for estimating the PMI(0=240 h)of theSusscrofaand human corpse.Conclusion The Biolog-Eco method can be used to reveal the metabolic differences of the carbon resources utilization of the microbial community on the corpses during 0-240 h after death, which could provide a new basis for estimating the PMI.

Objective : To understand the current situation and influencing factors of occupational burnout among vaccination personnels in Haining. Methods : The vaccination staffs of all vaccination clinics in Haining were investigated by the general questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for job burnout of vaccination personnels. Results : A total of 160 questionnaires were distributed and 158 valid questionnaires were collected. The effective rate of questionnaires was 98.75%. A total of 91 vaccination staffs suffered from occupational burnout,accounting for 57.59%. Among them,the median（inter-quartile range）of the scores of emotional exhaustion,depersonalization and personal achievement were 13.00（14.00）,4.00（6.00）and 26.50（17.00）,respectively,which were all lower than the normalized scores（22.19,7.12 and 36.53,P<0.05）. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that having confidence in vaccination was a protective factor for emotional failure（OR=0.175,95%CI：0.058-0.523）and low sense of achievement（OR=0.272,95%CI：0.079-0.937）in vaccination personnels;having experience in adverse event following immunization（AEFI）was a risk factor for depersonalization（OR=3.125,95%CI：1.472-6.633）and occupational burnout（OR= 2.391,95%CI：1.189-4.807）in vaccination personnels. Conclusion A certain proportion of vaccination staffs in Haining suffered from occupational burnout. The experience of AEFI was a risk factor for their occupational burnout.

Objective · To survey the willingness to enroll in nursing homes among the elders in Shanghai and explore its predictors. Methods · A field survey was performed to collect data from 641 elders aged 60 years old and above in six community health centers in Shanghai. Sociodemographic variables, willingness to use nursing home, perceived barriers and perceived benefits were measured. Results · The questionnaire is with good structural validity and good intrinsic reliability. KMO index, P value of Bartlett's test of sphericity, and the range of Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.862, 0.000,and 0.739-0.824, respectively. Among the respondents, 46% were willing to enroll in a nursing home in this survey. Age had significant influence on their willingness (P=0.045). After adjusting for age, the multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that shame (OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.62-0.94), adaptability (OR=0.61, 95% CI=0.50-0.74) and perceived benefits (OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.32-2.03) were related to willingness (P<0.05).Conclusion · Elders in Shanghai have a relatively high level of willingness to enroll in nursing homes, especially the elders aged from 60 to 69. Shame and adaptability of elders, and the services provided by nursing homes were the predictors of the elders' willingness.

UL48 plays essential role in replication of MDV genome and interacts with UL36 as well as other MDV tegument proteins.To investigate the interaction between UL48 and UL36 during MDV oncogenisis,antibody against UL48 was prepared and characterized in current study.UL48 gene was amplified from MDV-Ⅰ genome and then subcloned into pTYB1 and pGEX-4T3 vectors for UL48 expression with induction of IPTG in BL21(DE3) E..coli cells.Chitin-sepharose and Glutathion-sepharose were,respectively,used to purify fusion protein intein-UL48 and GST-UL48.Four subcutaneous injections of intein-UL48 fusion protein were done on the lower back and the thigh of rabbit and then other three injections with an interval 10 days.The titer of antibody was measured by the sandwich ELISA with UL48 protein isolated from GST-UL48 after cleavage of thrombin.Western blot was carried out for specificity analysis of antibody against UL48 protein.The results suggested that UL48 antibody was succesfully prepared,and its titer was 1 ∶ 512 000.

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced protein 8 (TNFalP8) gene family in the prognosis of cervical cancer .Methods:A total of 144 cervical cancer patients who had been followed up for at least two years were recruited . Three polymorphism sites TNFalP8‐rs11064 , TNFalP8‐rs3813308 and TNFalP8L1‐rs1060555 in the TNFalP8 gene family were genotyped by the Taqman assay .The associations of polymorphisms in the TNFalP8 gene family with prognosis of cervical cancer were analyzed . Results:Compared with CG/CC genotypes ,tumor recurrence in TNFalP8L1‐rs1060555 GG genotype carriers increased (adjusted HR=3 .25 ,95% CI:1 .06‐9 .95) .Combined analysis for the three polymorphisms indicated that compared with 0‐1 risk genotype carriers ,tumor recurrence in 2‐3 risk genotype carriers increased (adjusted HR = 2 .55 ,95% CI:1 .02‐6 .36) . Conclusions:Polymorphisms in TNFalP8 gene family may be predictive biomarkers for prognosis of cervical cancer .

Objective To observe the characteristics of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for leakage point in acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).Methods A total of 21 acute CSC patients (21 eyes) were enrolled in this retrospective study,including 17 men (17 eyes) and 4 women (5 eyes).The mean age was (47.3±8.8) years (range 35-66 years).The mean duration was (1.6±0.8) months (range 0.5-3.0 months).All patients were underwent mydriatic fundus photography,SD-OCT examination and fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA).SD-OCT and FFA images were carefully compared to observe the SD-OCT examination characteristics of fluorescence leakage point.Results 21/21 eyes had one fluorescein leakage point.In addition to serous retinal detachment,leakage point in the SD-OCT examination showed retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) protrusion in 10 eyes (47.6 ％),RPE detachment in 7 eyes (33.3 ％),highly reflective areas suggesting fibrinous exudate in the subretinal space in 3 eyes (14.3 ％),and RPE defect in 1 eye (4.8 ％).Conclusion The SD-OCT characteristics of acute CSC include RPE protrusion,RPE detachment,highly reflective areas suggesting fibrinous exudate in the subretinal space and RPE defect.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Euryale ferox seed shell extract on oral ulcer in rats and its underlying mechanism. Methods The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids in Euryale ferox seed shells were determined by Folin-phenol assay and aluminum nitrate colorimetry, respectively. DPPH · , ABTS+· , · OH and · O2- scavenging experiments were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of Euryale ferox seed shell extract in vitro. In a rat model of oral ulcer induced by burning with glacial acetic acid, the therapeutic effect of Euryale ferox seed shell extract was assessed by detecting changes in serum levels of oxidative factors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and observing pathological changes of the ulcerous mucosa using HE staining; the therapeutic mechanism of the extract was explored by detecting the expression levels of Keap1, Nrf2, Nes-Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in ulcerous mucosa using Western blotting. Results The ethyl acetate extract of Euryale ferox seed shells contained 306.74±1.04 mg/g polyphenols and 23.43±0.61 mg/g flavonoids and had IC50 values for scavenging DPPH · and ABTS+· free radicals of 3.42 ± 0.97 μg/mL and 3.32 ± 0.90 μg/mL, respectively. In the rat models, the ethyl acetate extract significantly ameliorated oral mucosal ulcer, increased serum CAT level, and decreased serum MDA level. The protein expression levels of Nes-Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased and Keap1 protein expression was lowered significantly in the ulcerous mucosa of the rats after treatment with the extract (P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion The therapeutic effect of Euryale ferox seed shell extract on oral ulcers in rats is mediated probably by activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.